Turin king list: Column 3
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Twenty-five rows, the first nine describe spirits; the king list starts with a heading on the tenth row. This column is extra wide to accomodate the lifetime of the kings. The eight kings of the First Dynasty compare exactly with Manetho, but discrepancies begin to emerge starting with the kings of the Second Dynasty.
| Rows | Remarks | Kings |
|---|---|---|
| 1–9 | Spirits/Demigods with Summation | |
| 10 | Heading for First through Tenth dynasties(?) | |
| 11–19 | First Dynasty | 8 |
| 20–25 | Second Dynasty | 6 |
| Quick reference key | |
|---|---|
| ditto mark | Implied repeating text (ditto marks) is represented in blue. |
| missing | Missing signs that can be restored are represented in grey. |
| Red | Signs written with red ink are presented in red. |
| ... | Signs that are lost or unreadable is represented by 3 dots. |
Column 3.1
... 20, their years 1110, their lifetime …
... 20 rnpt sn 1110 ꜤḥꜤw s...
| Divinity | Uncertain/Unknown | ||
| Gardiner | II 1 | Fragment | 1 |
A town was probably named at the start of the text, indicated by the town sign (O49).1
1. Gardiner 1959: 15 (II 1 a)
Column 3.2
Spirits ... 10, their reigns …
Ꜣḫw ... 10 ir.n f m nswyt sn ...
| Divinity | Uncertain/Unknown | ||
| Gardiner | II 2 | Fragment | 3 + 1 (+ 1* + 2) |
Helck1 proposed joining fr. 2 at the left side of row 2, following the small top part of fr. 1 which Farina had removed,2 from where Seyffarth had originally placed it.3
Restoration
Helck 1992: 160f.
Ꜣḫw ... 10 ir.n f m nswyt sn ... rnpt xxx7 ꜤḥꜤw ...
1. Helck 1992: 160f.
2. Gardiner 1959: 17
3. Lepsius. Auswahl pl. 3
2. Gardiner 1959: 17
3. Lepsius. Auswahl pl. 3
Column 3.3
Spirits ... their years 330, their lifetime ...
Ꜣḫw ... sn 330 ꜤḥꜤw ...
| Divinity | Uncertain/Unknown | ||
| Gardiner | II 3 | Fragment | 3 + 1 (+ 1* + 2) |
Written on a patch, only small traces of the ink remain of the initial S29-sign, the signs prior are lost. Helck1 proposed adding fr. 2 and the top of fr. 1 removed by Gardiner2 to the right of fr. 1.
Restoration
Helck 1992: 160f.
Ꜣḫw ... sn 330 ꜤḥꜤw sn 1000 (+ x) ...
1. Helck 1992: 160f.
2. Gardiner 1959: 17
2. Gardiner 1959: 17
Column 3.4
Total: ... 10, their reigns, their life: 1000 (+x) ...
dmḏ ... 10 nswyt sn rnpt sn m Ꜥnḫ rnp.t 1000 (+x) ...
| Divinity | Uncertain/Unknown | ||
| Gardiner | II 4 | Fragment | 3 + 1 |
The tiny red trace at the bottom of fr. 3 is only present in Lepsius,1 but not even commented on by Farina or Gardiner. Only the lower part of the ten-sign is preserved, meaning the number is either a 10, 20 or 30, or less likely 70 as suggested by Helck.2
Restoration
Helck 1992: 161
Ꜣḫw 70 nswyt sn rnp.t sn m Ꜥnḫ rnpt 1000 (+ x) ...
1. Lepsius, Auswahl, plate 3
2. Helck 1992: 161
2. Helck 1992: 161
Column 3.5
... those of Hunut(?) 19, 11 years, 4 months, 22 days
... ḥw-wnwt 19 rnpt 11 Ꜣbdw 4 hrw 22
| Divinity | Uncertain/Unknown | ||
| Gardiner | II 5 | Fragment | 1 |
The suggested placename1 is not certain, but the wall sign (O36, inb) suggest some sort of walled town.2
1. Helck 1992: 161
2. Farina 1938: 18 translated it as "Le Cinte" (the Belt?)
2. Farina 1938: 18 translated it as "Le Cinte" (the Belt?)
Column 3.6
The union of 19 spirits of (Thinis?)... 2341(+x) years …
... imy smꜢ 19 rnpt 2341(+x)
| Divinity | Uncertain/Unknown | ||
| Gardiner | II 6 | Fragment | 1 |
The small traces remaining of the last two digits of the number make it questionable.1 The hieratic N5 (rꜤ) is very similar to O49 (niwt) which could indicate the name of a town, perhaps Thinis.2 The individual words imy and smꜣ translate to "who are in" and "union".
Restoration
Helck 1992: 161
šmsw ḥr imy smꜢ rnpt 2341 (+ x) ....
1. Gardiner 1959: 15 (II 6 c)
2. Helck 1992: 161
2. Helck 1992: 161
Column 3.7
... the father, 7 women, their Years and lifetime, 100 (+x)
... ḥr it st.w 7 rnpt sn ꜤḥꜤ sn 100 (+x)
| Divinity | Uncertain/Unknown | ||
| Gardiner | II 7 | Fragment | 1 |
The rightmost part is the first row of Champollion's fragment Nn.
Restoration
Helck 1992: 161
nswt zꜢ.t wḥmw ḥr it st.w 7 rnpt sn ꜤḥꜤ sn 100 (+x)
Column 3.8
... of the spirits and the followers of Horus, 13420 (+ x) years
... Ꜣḫw šmsw-ḥr rnpt 13420 + x
| Divinity | Uncertain/Unknown | ||
| Gardiner | II 8 | Fragment | 1 |
Followers of Horus.1 The rightmost part is the second row of Champollion's fragment Nn.
Restoration
Helck 1992: 161
nswyt Ꜣḫw šmsw-ḥr rnpt 13420
1. Sethe 1905: 3ff.
Column 3.9
their lifetime to the followers of Horus: 23200 (+ x) years
.. nfryt(?) r šmsw-ḥr rnp[t] 23200 (+ x)
| Divinity | Uncertain/Unknown | ||
| Gardiner | II 9 | Fragment | 1 |
The traces of the year sign where the papyrus breaks off sign are clear, and the two ten-thousand signs are very probable.1 Followers of Horus.2 The rightmost part is the third row of Champollion's fragment Nn.
Restoration
Helck 1992: 161
ꜤhꜤ sn nfryt(?) r šmsw-ḥr rnpt 23200 (+ x)
1. Gardiner 1959: 15 (II 9 a)
2. Sethe 1905: 3ff.
2. Sethe 1905: 3ff.
Column 3.10
Kings of the house of (?) The Dual King, Meni, Life, Prosperity, and Health
nswyw pr? nsw-bit mni Ꜥnḫ-ḏꜢ-snb ...
| Heading | |||
| Gardiner | II 10 | Fragment | 1 |
The first row of the papyrus containing the name of a mortal king. The bee-sign is about 1 cm to the left compared to 3.11, and the traces (now lost) ahead of the title seen on the plates of Lepsius and Wilkinson further reinforce that this row contain a heading, serving as an introduction of the kings. There are no other headings until 6.11, but 3 summations, in 4.26, 5.14-17, and 6.10. Either the heading is meant for the first summation in 4.26, or which seems more likely, for the entire period until the next heading in 6.11, as there are no other headings. This also indicate that the Egyptians themselves did not divide this period into ten different dynasties, as per the writings of Manetho. The rightmost part is the fourth row of Champollion's fragment Nn.
Column 3.11
The Dual King Meni, life, prosperity and health, he acted as king for ...
nsw-bit mni Ꜥnḫ-ḏꜢ-snb ir.n ...
| King | Narmer (1st king) | Dynasty | I (1) |
| Gardiner | II 11 | Fragment | 1 |
The first king of the First Dynasty was most likely the archaeologically attested Narmer, who likely united the Two Lands.1 At the time of the New Kingdom, and possibly much earlier, his name seems to have been lost or forgotten, and instead Meni (Menes in Greek) were named as the king who united the Two Lands, whough there are no archaeological finds of a such a king. It cannot be ruled out that Meni was the personal name of Narmer. The rightmost part is the fifth row of Champollion's fragment Nn.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 1 |  | mni | Meni |
| Africanus: I (1) | — | Μηνης | Mēnēs (62 years) |
| Eusebius: I (1) | — | Μηνης | Mēnēs (60 years) |
| Eratosthenes: 1 | — | Μηνης | Mēnēs |
1. Heagy, Thomas C. (2014), "Who was Menes?", Archeo-Nil 24 (2014): 59–92.
Column 3.12
The Dual King Ity ...
nsw-bit ity ...
| King | Aha (2nd king) | Dynasty | I (2) |
| Gardiner | II 12 | Fragment | 1 |
Only the first two signs are readable, while the position of the t-sign leave room for another sign below where the papyrus breaks off, it is lost. It is possible that the lacuna would have held another t, like the corresponding entry in the Abydos Canon, Teti (tti), albeit with the order of the signs reversed. Farina hesitantly transcribed the lost sign as an y (Z4),1 however Gardiner left it out altogether.2 The rightmost part is the sixth row of Champollion's fragment Nn.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 2 |  | tti | Teti |
| Africanus: I (2) | — | Aθωθις | Athōthis (57 years) |
| Eusebius: I (2) | — | Aθωθις | Athōthis (27 years) |
| Eratosthenes: 2 | — | Aθωθης | Athōthēs |
1. Farina 1938: 22
2. Gardiner 1959: pl. 1
2. Gardiner 1959: pl. 1
Column 3.13
The Dual King ...
nsw-bit ...
| King | Djer (3rd king) | Dynasty | I (3) |
| Gardiner | II 13 | Fragment | 1 |
Only tiny traces remain of what is most likely the divine determinative (G7) and the cartouche close, the name itself is completely lost According to the archaeological record, this position would have held the name of king Djer.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 3 |  | itti | Iteti |
| Africanus: I (3) | — | Κενκενης | Kenkenēs (31 years) |
| Eusebius: I (3) | — | Κενκενης | Kenkenēs (39 years) |
| Eratosthenes: 3 | — | Aθωθης | Athōthēs |
Column 3.14
... 10 +x months 28 days ...
... 10 hrw 28 ...
| Gardiner | II 14 | Fragment | 20 + 1 |
The curved line is a sort of bracket around a line that intrude on the next column,1 the numbers on the fragment belongs to a god or demi-god in the previous column. This can also be seen in 5.16, 6.15, and 8.3. The trace before the month-sign is likely a 10.2 There are no traces of any other writing on this line, suggesting it was intentionally left blank.3 Perhaps it should be excluded from column 3 in the future, as suggested years ago.4
1. Gardiner 1959: 15 (II 14 a)
2. id. Plate 1.
3. Ryholt 1997: 30.
4. Beckerath 1995: 225f.
2. id. Plate 1.
3. Ryholt 1997: 30.
4. Beckerath 1995: 225f.
Column 3.15
The Dual King Ity ...
nsw-bit ... ittiw ...
| King | Djet (4th king) | Dynasty | I (4) |
| Gardiner | II 15 | Fragment | 20 + 1 |
The bird sign G4 (tiw) is not to be confused with G1 (Ꜣ),1 as it was on the Abydos Canon. This sign appears nowhere else in the king-list.2
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 4 |  | itꜢ | Ita |
| Africanus: I (4) | — | Ουενεφης | Ouenephēs (23 years) |
| Eusebius: I (4) | — | Ουενεφης | Ouenephēs (42 years) |
1. Möller, Hieratische Paläographie II, No. 191 and 192.
2. Gardiner 1959: 15 (II 15 a)
2. Gardiner 1959: 15 (II 15 a)
Column 3.16
The Dual King Qenty ...
nsw-bit ḳnty ...
| King | Den (5th king) | Dynasty | I (5) |
| Gardiner | II 16 | Fragment | 20 + 30 |
In hieratic the sign 
(Aa8, ḳn) could stand for not only itself but also certain other signs.1 Furthermore, it is visually similar and easily confused with N24 (
, spꜢt) or N25 (
, ḫꜢst).2 This caused confusion in modern transcriptions, as well as in actual hieroglyphic texts, like the Abydos Canon where the scribe read Aa8 as N24. The name 
is attested to king Den,3 and usually read as Khasty (ḫꜢsty), but might also be read as Semty (smty).4 The first row of Champollion's fragment F.
(Aa8, ḳn) could stand for not only itself but also certain other signs.1 Furthermore, it is visually similar and easily confused with N24 (, spꜢt) or N25 (, ḫꜢst).2 This caused confusion in modern transcriptions, as well as in actual hieroglyphic texts, like the Abydos Canon where the scribe read Aa8 as N24. The name is attested to king Den,3 and usually read as Khasty (ḫꜢsty), but might also be read as Semty (smty).4 The first row of Champollion's fragment F.Restoration
Alternative transcription
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 5 |  | spꜢty | Sepati |
| Africanus: I (5) | — | Ουσαφαιδος | Ousaphaidos (20 years) |
| Eusebius: I (5) | — | Ουσαφαης | Ousaphaēs (20 years) |
1. Gardiner 1957: 541
2. Möller, Hieratische Paläographie II, compare No. 322 to No. 604, and possibly also No. 366 (S29)
3. Petrie, Royal Tombs, I, plate V (8-9, 11-12)
4. Gardiner 1957: 541
2. Möller, Hieratische Paläographie II, compare No. 322 to No. 604, and possibly also No. 366 (S29)
3. Petrie, Royal Tombs, I, plate V (8-9, 11-12)
4. Gardiner 1957: 541
Column 3.17
The Dual King Merigeregepen ... 74 years ...
nsw-bit mr-grg-pn ... rnpt 74 ...
| King | Adjib (6th king) | Dynasty | I (6) |
| Gardiner | II 17 | Fragment | 20 + 30 |
The archaic 
(W10, bꜢ)1 was misread by the scibe as 
(U17, grg),2 and further misinterpreted as 
(N41, biꜢ) in the Abydos Canon, and 
(R7, bꜢ) in the Saqqara Canon.3 The number of years is certain. The second row of Champollion's fragment F.
(W10, bꜢ)1 was misread by the scibe as (U17, grg),2 and further misinterpreted as (N41, biꜢ) in the Abydos Canon, and (R7, bꜢ) in the Saqqara Canon.3 The number of years is certain. The second row of Champollion's fragment F.| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 6 |  | mry-biꜢ-p | Merybiap |
| Saqqara Canon 58 |  | mry-bꜢ-pn | Merybapen |
| Africanus: I (6) | — | Μιεβιδος | Miebidos (26 years) |
| Eusebius: I (6) | — | Nιεβαης | Niebaēs (26 years) |
| Eratosthenes: 4 | — | Διαβιης | Diabiēs |
1. Gardiner 1959: 15 (II 17 a)
2. Möller, Hieratische Paläographie II, No. 467
3. Helck 1992: 163
2. Möller, Hieratische Paläographie II, No. 467
3. Helck 1992: 163
Column 3.18
The Dual King Semsem ... 72 years ...
nsw-bit smsm ... rnpt 72 ...
| King | Semerkhet (7th king) | Dynasty | I (7) |
| Gardiner | II 18 | Fragment | 20 + 21 + 30 |
A contemporary ivory label of Semerkhet,1 show an archaic figure of a man with a walking stick. The sign is similar to, but not identical to Gardiner sign A19 (smsw). In the Canon, this it is written out with unilateral signs as smsm.2 The first row of Champollion's fragment Dd.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 7 |  | smsw | Semsu |
| Africanus: I (7) | — | Σεμεμψης | Semempsēs (18 years) |
| Eusebius: I (7) | — | Σεμεμψης | Semempsēs (18 years) |
| Eratosthenes: 5 | — | Πεμφως | Pemphōs |
1. Ivory jar-label, British Museum EA32668.
2. Helck 1992: 163
2. Helck 1992: 163
Column 3.19
The Dual King Qebeh ... 63 years ...
nsw-bit ḳbḥ ... rnpt 63
| King | Qaa (8th king) | Dynasty | I (8) |
| Gardiner | II 19 | Fragment | 20 + 21 + 30 |
The starting cartouche, and perhaps a sign or two are lost. The number of years is certain. The second row of Champollion's fragment Dd.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 8 |  | ḳbḥ | Qebeh |
| Saqqara Canon 57 |  | ḳbḥw | Qebehu |
| Africanus: I (8) | — | Βιηνεχης | Biēnekhēs (26 years) |
| Eusebius: I (8) | — | Ουβιενθης | Oubienthēs (26 years) |
Column 3.20
The Dual King Baunetjer ... 95 years ...
nsw-bit ... bꜢ.w-nṯr ... rnpt 95 ...
| King | Hotepsekhemwy (9th king) | Dynasty | II (1) |
| Gardiner | II 20 | Fragment | 20 + 21 + 30 |
The ink on fr. 21 is faded, making the signs hard to read, but the sign is probably G30 (storks) followed by a determinative. The numbers are certain. The third row of Champollion's fragment Dd.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 9 |  | bḏꜤw | Bedjau |
| Saqqara Canon 56 |  | nṯr-bꜢw | Netjerbau |
| Giza king list |  | bḏꜢ-tꜢw | Bedjatau |
| Africanus: II (1) | — | Βοηθος | Boēthos (38 years) |
| Eusebius: II (1) | — | Βωχος | Bōkhos |
Column 3.21
The Dual King Kakau ...
nsw-bit kꜢkꜤ.w ...
| King | Nebra (10th king) | Dynasty | II (2) |
| Gardiner | II 21 | Fragment | 20 + 21 + 30 |
The ink on fr. 21 is faded; the broken sign is likely a w, or less likely a wt1 The scribe omitted the number at the end.2 The fourth row of Champollion's fragment Dd.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 10 |  | kꜢ-kꜢw | Kakau |
| Saqqara Canon 55 | | kꜢ-kꜢw | Kakau |
| Africanus: II (2) | — | Καιεχως | Kaiekhōs (39 years) |
| Eusebius: II (2) | — | Χωος | Khōos |
1. cf. Möller, Hieratische Paläographie II, No. 200 and V; Gardiner 1959: 15 (II 21 a)
2. Gardiner 1959: 15 (II 21 b).
2. Gardiner 1959: 15 (II 21 b).
Column 3.22
The Dual King Baunetjer ... 95 years ...
nsw-bit bꜢ.w-nṯr ... rnpt 95 ...
| King | Ninetjer (11th king) | Dynasty | II (3) |
| Gardiner | II 22 | Fragment | 20 + 21 + 30 |
Only the last signs of the name remains, but the numbers are certain.1 The traces of the bee wings of the fifth row of Champollion's fragment Dd.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 11 |  | bꜢ-nṯr | Baunetjer |
| Saqqara Canon 54 |  | bꜢ-nṯrw | Banetjeru |
| Africanus: II (3) | — | Βινωθρις | Binōthris (47 years) |
| Eusebius: II (3) | — | Βιοφις | Biophis |
1. Lepsius, Auswahl, pl. III.; cf.Gardiner 1959: 15 (II 22 a-b)
Column 3.23
The Dual King Wadjnes ... 70 years ...
nsw-bit ...-s ... rnpt 70 ...
| King | Wadjenes (12th king) | Dynasty | II (4) |
| Gardiner | II 23 | Fragment | 21 + 30 |
Only the trace of what could be a (S29) s-sign remain of the name and fits well with the last s-sign of the Abydos Canon.1 The 70-sign is certain.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 12 |  | wꜢḏns | Wadjenes |
| Saqqara Canon 53 |  | wꜢḏ-l-s | Wadjlas |
| Africanus: II (4) | — | Τλας | Tlas (17 years) |
1. Gardiner 1959: 15 (II 23 a)
Column 3.24
The Dual King Senedj ... 54 years ...
nsw-bit snḏ ... rnpt 54 ...
| King | Senedj (13th king) | Dynasty | II (5) |
| Gardiner | II 24 | Fragment | 19 + 30 |
The number is probably 54, not 74 since the trace of the tens are so close to the four strokes.1
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 13 |  | sndi | Sendi |
| Saqqara Canon 52 |  | snḏ | Senedj |
| Africanus: II (5) | — | Σεθενης | Sethenēs (41 years) |
1. Gardiner 1959: 15 (II 24 a); cf. Möller, Hieratische Paläographie II, No. 627 (50-sign) vs. No. 629 (70-sign)
Column 3.25
The Dual King Aaka ... 70 years ...
nsw-bit ꜤꜢ-kꜢ ... rnpt 70 ...
| King | Sneferka (14th king) | Dynasty | II (6) |
| Gardiner | II 25 | Fragment | 19 + 30 |
The writing is clearly ꜤꜢ-kꜢ, with the opening cartouche omitted. The ꜤꜢ-sign is obviously a mistake for nfr, which resemble each other in hieratic.1 The Saqqara Canon (no.51) correctly reads the name as nfr-kꜢ-rꜤ. The New Kingdom scribes "corrected" the name Seneferka into Neferkara by exchanging the initial s with the recognizable honorific rꜤ. This was a common practice that made sense to the scribes, as can be noted several times in the king lists.2
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 19 |  | nfr-kꜢ-rꜤ | Neferkara |
| Saqqara Canon 51 | | nfr-kꜢ-rꜤ | Neferkara |
| Africanus: II (6) | — | Χαιρης | Khairēs (17 years) |
1. Ryholt 2008: 163-4, note 15; For the signs, see Möller, Hieratische Paläographie II, No. 363 vs. No. 180.
2. Ryholt 2008: 166ff.
2. Ryholt 2008: 166ff.
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———. 2018. ‘Khyan’s Place in History. A New Look at the Chronographic Tradition’. The Hyksos Ruler Khyan and the Early Second Intermediate Period in Egypt : Problems and Priorities of Current Research, ErghÖJh 17: 277–85.
Sethe, Kurt. 1904. ‘Zur zeitlichen Festlegung der zwölften Dynastie und zur Benutzung ägyptischer Sothisdaten überhaupt’. ZÄS 41: 38–42.
———. 1905. Beiträge zur ältesten Geschichte Ägyptens. UGAÄ 3. Leipzig: Hinrichs.
Wilkinson, John Gardner. 1851. The Fragments of the Hieratic Papyrus at Turin. 2 vols. London: Richards.
Terms & information
Manetho – An Egyptian priest who wrote Aegyptiaca, “the History of Egypt” in the third century BC, and has ever since been the source for the chronology of the kingdom.
Epitome – Manetho’s original was lost in antiquity, and in the following centuries replaced by Epitomes (summaries) by rivalling advocates of Jewish, Egyptian, and Greek history that saw each side trying to establish the truth according to their point of view.
Vorlage – German for prototype or template, a vorlage is a prior version of a manuscript, in this case an earlier version of the king list.
Fibre correspondence – finding the horizontal and/or vertical position of a fragment by visually aligning the papyrus fibres.
Lacuna – a gap in the papyrus where the text is lost.
Recto and verso – Recto is the front side and verso is the back side of a written or printed text.
Ligature – a combination of two or more signs or letters into a single symbol.
Cartouche – oval band enclosing a pharaohs name
Hieratic – a cursive form of the hieroglyphic signs and ligatures
Transliteration – To translate hieroglyphs they need to be converted into a readable alphabetic script. This is known as transliteration, and use letters not normally present on keyboards:
The Dual King – The title of the king of all of Egypt, also presented as King of Upper and Lower Egypt.
Hyksos – Greek form of
Mortuary Temple – where the gods and the king who built the temple were worshipped.
JSesh – I highly recommend JSesh Hieroglyphic Editor by Serge Rosmorduc, which is the best editor to use for hieroglyphic texts of any kind. It is also completely free.
Kinglists
- Turin king list
223 kings – Dynasty 19 - Abydos Canon
76 kings – Dynasty 19 - Saqqara Canon
58 kings – Dynasty 19 - Karnak Canon
61 kings – Dynasty 18 - Comparing the canons
Abydos, Saqqara and Karnak - Ramesseum Canon
Ramesses II Mortuary Temple - Medinet Habu Canon
Ramesses III Mortuary Temple
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