The most common hieroglyphic titles and epithets of the pharaohs.
Titles are honourifics or adjectives that denote a characteristic to indicate the importance or position in the kingdom and usually placed before the cartouche. The pharaoh's titulary was an essential part of their identity and conveyed various aspects of their authority, divinity, and role in society.
Epithets are descriptive phrases or adjectives used to supplement the titles or personal name, providing additional context and attributes, often of a religious or symbolic nature, and were placed after the cartouche. To link the pharaoh, who was regarded as a divine figure, with the people and the gods, unique epithets were coined for him upon his accession to the throne.
The fivefold titulary
The standard naming convention by the pharaohs of ancient Egypt is known as the fivefold titulary. We are largely unaware of the details involved in selecting the four names announced at the presumed coronation celebration, but it served as a mission statement for the monarch's reign, although it sometimes changed during their reign. No king from the Early Dynastic period and just a few from the Old Kingdom used all five names, and even the latter group did not always present them in the sequence we expect.
The Horus name
First of the five titularies is the Horus name consists of a falcon
and a rectangular serekh
representing the god Horus and the royal palace respectively.
The symbolism of Horus perched upon the palace establish a close relationship between the divine Horus and the earthly might of the King. The king’s
name or title was written in the empty space of the serekh to to indicate which king sat on the throne. When part of a longer text, the serekh was
practically never drawn, probably for aesthetic reasons.
Consider these different representations of Ramesses II’s Horus name:
Variants A, B, and C are found in hieroglyphic texts, whereas D is generally only used in modern times to facilitate transcription when copying a hieroglyphic text. The Horus Name gradually lost some of its significance compared to the prenomen and nomen titles, but it remained a component of the formal titulary until the last pharaoh.
The Nebty name
The cobra-headed goddess Wadjet was the matron and guardian of Lower Egypt in her cobra form. Her Upper Egyptian namesake was the vulture-headed
Nekhbet. After the unification of Lower and Upper Egypt, they became Egypt’s shared protectors and patrons. The name comes from the goddesses, seated
on baskets, which read as
The Golden Horus name
The meaning of this part of the titulary is somewhat uncertain. It has a falcon representing Horus perched on the symbol of ‘gold’, which was strongly
linked to ‘eternity’. The Golden Falcon name may reflect the same idea of eternity, expressing the king's desire to be an eternal Horus.
Gold was thought to be the flesh of the gods in Ancient Egypt, while silver was their bones. It is possible to see in this title an identification
of the pharaoh with the divine Horus and of the sustainability of the monarchy.
The throne name
The fourth part of the titulary,
the Throne name, or Prenomen, was created for the coronation of the new pharaoh. Represented by a papyrus plant and a bee, it read
as
Royal names were enclosed by an elongated ring
known as
The personal name
This was the personal name given at birth. It was preceded by the title ‘Son of Ra’ and followed by the name itself, protected inside of a cartouche. For most of history, the principal name used was the prenomen alone, or accompanied only by the nomen. We commonly call the ancient pharaohs by this name and use numbering (like "II" and "III") to tell apart those with identical names. In recent decades, it has become more usual to differentiate pharaohs by using their original (non-Hellenistic) prenomen and nomen.
Epithets
To reinforce or emphasise a particular aspect or function of the king, epithets were added to the royal titles.
Nesut
Netjer nefer
The ‘young god’ might be more accurate meaning than the traditional ‘good god’.
Neb tawy
Sometimes found after the ‘Dual King’ but before the cartouche, further emphasising the duality of the king.
Neb khau
Sometimes found after the ‘son of Ra’ but before the cartouche.
Ka nakht
Often part of the Horus name
Ankh djeta
Found after the cartouche.
Maa kheru
mꜢꜤ-ḫrw
Used to indicate that the king had died and become a god. Placed after the cartouche.
Ankh wedja seneb
Ꜥnx-wḏꜢ-snb
Found after the names of the king, well-wishing phrase meaning ‘stay alive, be strong and healthy’.
The king’s family
Hemet Nesut Weret
hmt-nswt-wrt
Pharaoh’s main wife, as opposed to lesser wives and concubines.
Hemet Nesu
hmt-nsw
Mut Nesu
mwt-nsw
It Nesu
it-nsw
Sa Nesu
sꜢ-nsw
Sat Nesu
sꜢt-nsw
Sen Nesu
sn-nsw
Senet Nesu
snt-nsw
Inep
inp
Repat
rpꜤt
In hieroglyphic inscriptions, the associated titles and epithets provide insights into the roles and status of pharaohs, officials, priests, and gods and are essential for deciphering and understanding the rich history and culture of ancient Egypt.
Other
There are number of common formulas and expressions, and otherwise well-known words origination in ancient Egypt.
Hotep di nesut
Sah
For more information check out the hieroglyphs page.