Neferneferuaten
| Also known as: Nefertiti, Meritaten | Dynasty XVIII |
Neferneferuaten was a female pharaoh who most likely was Akhenatens wife Nefertiti, but it is also possible that she was their daughter Meritaten, the wife of Smenkhkara. The throne name Ankhkheperura was used by both Neferneferuaten and Smenkhkara, which has led to a great deal of confusion as throne names tended to be unique.
It is now widely accepted that when Ankhkheperura include an epiteth, it belongs to Neferneferuaten, and where no epiteth is included, it belongs to Smekhkara. It is even possible that both names refer to only one pharaoh.
Manetho mentions Akencheres, a daughter of the king that ruled for 12 years toward the end of the dynasty, according to Josephus.
| Reign of Neferneferuaten | |
|---|---|
| AE Chronology | 1334–? |
| Dodson | 1346–1343 |
| Manetho (Josephus) | 12y 1m |
| Manetho (Africanus) | 12 years |
| Manetho (Eusebius) | 12 years |
| Manetho (Jerome) | 12 years |
The Royal Titulary
From the hieroglyphic records
Petrie, Tell el Amarna, plate XV (94)
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 142-143, 10bis:T
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 11:T2
The sources of antiquity
From the writings of the historians and scholars of antiquity
| Author | Greek | Transliteration | Transcription | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africanus xviii, 13 | Aχερρης | Akherres | Acherres | 12 years |
| Eusebius xviii, 9 | Aχενχερσης | Akhenkherses | Achencherses | 12 years |
| Jerome | Achencheres | 12 years | ||
| Josephus 96 | Aκεγχερης | Akenkheres ♀ | Acencheres ♀ | 12 years, 1 month |
Bibliography
Beckerath, J. Handbuch der Ägyptischen Königsnamen, MÄS 49 (1999): 142–143
Baker. D. D. The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC (London, 2008), 273–275
Leprohon, R. J. The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary (Atlanta, 2013), 105
The full titulary was announced at the coronation, when a pharaoh officially became king.
Horus name
The oldest form of a pharaoh's name, often enclosed in a serekh, a sort of "heraldic crest" representing a palace facade.
Nebty name
The "Two Ladies", the heraldic goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet, representing Upper and Lower Egypt respectively.
Golden Horus name
Gold was strongly associated with eternity, but the meaning of this title is disputed.
Throne name
(prenomen) Announced at the coronation, and written in a cartouche.
Personal name
(nomen) The name given at birth, also written in a cartouche.
- Turin king list
223 kings – Dynasty 19 - Abydos Canon
76 kings – Dynasty 19 - Saqqara Canon
58 kings – Dynasty 19 - Karnak Canon
61 kings – Dynasty 18 - Comparing the canons
Abydos, Saqqara and Karnak - Ramesseum Canon
Ramesses II Mortuary Temple - Medinet Habu Canon
Ramesses III Mortuary Temple
Ancient historians
- Herodotus
450 BC – Histories - Manetho
250 BC – Aegyptiaca - Diodorus
50 BC – Bibliotheca Historica - Josephus
100 CE – Against Apion - Africanus
220 CE – Chronographai - Eusebius
325 CE – Chronicon - Jerome
380 CE – Chronicon - Syncellus
800 CE – Egloga Chronographai - Eratosthenes
Probably a forgery (date unknown) - Comparing the sources
Transmission of Manetho
by Africanus et. al.
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