Neferusobek
| Also known as: Sobekneferu | Dynasty XII |
Neferusobek is the first queen of Egypt that can be verified to actually have ruled as a pharaoh. Her name is present in Manetho's king list as Skemiophris, which is a transcription into Greek of her birth name. Her name is also found in the Turin Canon preserving her reign as 3 years, 10 months and 24 days. Her throne name is found on the Saqqara king list number 22, and her birth name might have occupied Karnak king list number 22.
| Reign of Neferusobek | |
|---|---|
| AE Chronology | 1763–1760 |
| von Beckerath | 1798–1794 |
| Shaw | 1799–1795 |
| Dodson | 1785–1781 |
| Malek | 1805–1801 |
| Arnold | 1787–1783 |
| Grimal | 1790–1785 |
| Franke | 1763–1759 |
| Redford | 1790–1786 |
| Turin Canon | 3y 10m 24d |
| Manetho (Africanus) | 4 years |
The Royal Titulary
From the hieroglyphic records
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 86-87, 8:H2
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 86-87, 8:H1
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 86-87, 8:N
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 86-87, 8:G
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 86-87, 8:T
Urkunden des Ägyptische Alterthums, IV, 609 (III 5)
Traces of neferu visible on early drawings.
Gardiner, The Royal Canon of Turin (1959), VI:2
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 86-87, 8:E5
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 86-87, 8:E4
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 86-87, 8:E3
Reisner, "Excavations in Egypt and Ethiopia 1922-1925". BMFA 23, 21
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 86-87, 8:E1
The sources of antiquity
From the writings of the historians and scholars of antiquity
| Author | Greek | Transliteration | Transcription | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africanus xii, 7 | Σκεμιoφρις | Skemiophris ♀ | Scemiophris | 4 years |
Bibliography
Beckerath, J. Handbuch der Ägyptischen Königsnamen, MÄS 49 (1999): 86–87
Baker. D. D. The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC (London, 2008), 455–457
Gauthier, H. Le livre des rois d'Égypte. MIFAO 17 (1907): 341–343
Leprohon, R. J. The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary (Atlanta, 2013), 60
The full titulary was announced at the coronation, when a pharaoh officially became king.
Horus name
The oldest form of a pharaoh's name, often enclosed in a serekh, a sort of "heraldic crest" representing a palace facade.
Nebty name
The "Two Ladies", the heraldic goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet, representing Upper and Lower Egypt respectively.
Golden Horus name
Gold was strongly associated with eternity, but the meaning of this title is disputed.
Throne name
(prenomen) Announced at the coronation, and written in a cartouche.
Personal name
(nomen) The name given at birth, also written in a cartouche.
- Turin king list
223 kings – Dynasty 19 - Abydos Canon
76 kings – Dynasty 19 - Saqqara Canon
58 kings – Dynasty 19 - Karnak Canon
61 kings – Dynasty 18 - Comparing the canons
Abydos, Saqqara and Karnak - Ramesseum Canon
Ramesses II Mortuary Temple - Medinet Habu Canon
Ramesses III Mortuary Temple
Ancient historians
- Herodotus
450 BC – Histories - Manetho
250 BC – Aegyptiaca - Diodorus
50 BC – Bibliotheca Historica - Josephus
100 CE – Against Apion - Africanus
220 CE – Chronographai - Eusebius
325 CE – Chronicon - Jerome
380 CE – Chronicon - Syncellus
800 CE – Egloga Chronographai - Eratosthenes
Probably a forgery (date unknown) - Comparing the sources
Transmission of Manetho
by Africanus et. al.
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