The Thirteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

The Thirteenth Dynasty initially continued to exercise control from Itjtawy; however, as its authority gradually diminished over the course the next century, the capital had to be relocated to Memphis.

The period is characterised by a decline in stability, with the rise of the Fourteenth Dynasty in the eastern Delta vying for supremacy. Both dynasties ultimately reached their conclusion with the conquest of Memphis by the Hyksos Fifteenth Dynasty, around 1650 BC. Nonetheless, considering that the country remained relatively stable and the central government in Itjtawy was maintained, it might have been more tranquil than previously thought. There were definitely many very brief reigns and minimal attestations during this period, which may have been caused by a lengthy famine. It is difficult to determine the chronology of this dynasty because the names of several of the kings are only known from scarabs or from infrequent, fragmentary texts.

The chronological order

It is important to note that the chronological order of the pharaohs is an evolving subject and should therefore be treated with a certain degree of caution. As new research is conducted, the order may be subject to change, which is a fundamental principle that applies to all Egyptian dynasties.

The Thirteenth Dynasty according to Manetho

Given that neither Africanus nor Eusebius offer any commentary on individual names and reigns of all 60 kings, beyond the number and duration, it seems peculiar that they would reiterate the same information. It is unclear whether this data was originally provided by Manetho at all, or whether it was removed by an epitomist.

New Kingdom king lists

The Thirteenth Dynasty in the Turin King List contains 52 kings, while the Karnak Canon only feature a few.

Ex nihilo nihil fit

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