Hatshepsut
| Also known as: Hatchepsut | Dynasty XVIII |
When Thutmose II died Thutmose III was too young to rule, so Hatshepsut became his regent, and ultimately her rise in power was complete when she became pharaoh. She never denied kingship to young Thutmose III, they rather seem to have been on very friendly terms. She was only the second queen to have ruled Egypt with certainty – the first in some 300 years. Josephus mentions that Amessis was a woman, but Africanus fail to mention that Amensis was female.
For unknown reasons, Hatshepsut was erased from official monuments twenty years after her death, during the later part of Tuthmose III's reign. Strangely enough, only the more visible and accessible images of her were erased or defaced. She was not included in the Ramesside king lists of Seti I and Ramesses II.
| Reign of Hatshepsut | |
|---|---|
| AE Chronology | 1479–1458 |
| von Beckerath | 1479–1458 |
| Shaw | 1473–1458 |
| Dodson | 1472–1457 |
| Malek | 1479–1457 |
| Arnold | 1473–1458 |
| Grimal | 1478–1458 |
| Redford | 1502–1482 |
| Manetho (Josephus) | 21y 9m |
| Manetho (Africanus) | 22 years |
| Highest attestation | Year 20 |
The Royal Titulary
From the hieroglyphic records
Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien (1849), III, 22-24
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 134-135, 5:H
Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien (1849), III, 22
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 134-135, 5:N
Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien (1849), III, 24
Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien (1849), III, 22
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 134-135, 5:G1
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 134-135, 5:G2
Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien (1849), III, 24
Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien (1849), III, 22-23
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 134-135, 5:T1
Urkunden des Ägyptische Alterthums, IV, 381
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 134-135, 5:T2
Metropolitan Museum of Art, Accession Number: 48.105.52
Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien (1849), III, 22-23
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 134-135, 5:E2
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 134-135, 5:E3
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 134-135, 5:E1
The complete titulary
Sources containing all five names of the royal titulary
Karnak obelisk E, north & west faces
Champollion, Monuments, IV, 314; Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien, III, 22; Porter & Moss, Topographical Bibliography, II, 81–82; Rosellini, Monumenti, IV, 38–39
Karnak obelisk E, south base inscription
Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien, III, 24d; Porter & Moss, Topographical Bibliography, II, 81–82
Dedication stela of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III
Vatican stela 130, cat. 22780; Sethe, Urkunden der 18. Dynastie, IV, 311; Champollion, Notices, II, 700-701; Porter & Moss, Topographical Bibliography, II, 535
The sources of antiquity
From the writings of the historians and scholars of antiquity
| Author | Greek | Transliteration | Transcription | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africanus xviii, 4 | Αμενσις | Amensis | Amensis | 22 years |
| Josephus 95 | Aμεσσης | Amesses ♀ | Amesses ♀ | 21 years, 9 months |
Bibliography
Beckerath, J. Handbuch der Ägyptischen Königsnamen, MÄS 49 (1999): 134–135
Baker. D. D. The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC (London, 2008), 104–110
Gauthier, H. Le livre des rois d'Égypte. MIFAO 18 (1912): 236–252
Leprohon, R. J. The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary (Atlanta, 2013), 98
The full titulary was announced at the coronation, when a pharaoh officially became king.
Horus name
The oldest form of a pharaoh's name, often enclosed in a serekh, a sort of "heraldic crest" representing a palace facade.
Nebty name
The "Two Ladies", the heraldic goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet, representing Upper and Lower Egypt respectively.
Golden Horus name
Gold was strongly associated with eternity, but the meaning of this title is disputed.
Throne name
(prenomen) Announced at the coronation, and written in a cartouche.
Personal name
(nomen) The name given at birth, also written in a cartouche.
- Turin king list
223 kings – Dynasty 19 - Abydos Canon
76 kings – Dynasty 19 - Saqqara Canon
58 kings – Dynasty 19 - Karnak Canon
61 kings – Dynasty 18 - Comparing the canons
Abydos, Saqqara and Karnak - Ramesseum Canon
Ramesses II Mortuary Temple - Medinet Habu Canon
Ramesses III Mortuary Temple
Ancient historians
- Herodotus
450 BC – Histories - Manetho
250 BC – Aegyptiaca - Diodorus
50 BC – Bibliotheca Historica - Josephus
100 CE – Against Apion - Africanus
220 CE – Chronographai - Eusebius
325 CE – Chronicon - Jerome
380 CE – Chronicon - Syncellus
800 CE – Egloga Chronographai - Eratosthenes
Probably a forgery (date unknown) - Comparing the sources
Transmission of Manetho
by Africanus et. al.
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