Turin king list: Column 6
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From the poorly attested Herakleopolitian kings, leading up to the last kings of the Twelfth Dynasty. Only remnants of a few royal names are recorded on the few remaining fragments in this column.
| Rows | Remarks | Kings |
|---|---|---|
| 1–9 | Ninth/Tenth dynasties (continued) | 9 |
| 10 | Summation for Dynasty Ninth/Tenth | |
| 11 | Heading for the Eleventh Dynasty | |
| 12–17 | Eleventh Dynasty | 6 |
| 18 | Summation for the Eleventh Dynasty | |
| 19 | Heading for Twelfth Dynasty | |
| 20–25 | Twelfth Dynasty | 6 |
| Quick reference key | |
|---|---|
| ditto mark | Implied repeating text (ditto marks) is represented in blue. |
| missing | Missing signs that can be restored are represented in grey. |
| Red | Signs written with red ink are presented in red. |
| ... | Signs that are lost or unreadable is represented by 3 dots. |
Column 6.1
The Dual King ...
nsw-bit ...
| King | Unknown (62nd king) | Dynasty | IX/X (10) |
| Gardiner | V 1 | Fragment | 59 + 59a |
Only the title is left, the rest is lost. Farina placed an unnumbered fragment at the end of th column, but its position is probably incorrect,1 and has been moved to the Unplaced Fragments section.
1. Gardiner 1959: 16 (V 1 a)
Column 6.2
The Dual King ...
nsw-bit ...
| King | Unknown (63rd king) | Dynasty | IX/X (11) |
| Gardiner | V 2 | Fragment | 59 |
The name is lost, only an unreadable trace of the first sign remain.
Column 6.3
The Dual King ...
nsw-bit ...
| King | Unknown (64th king) | Dynasty | IX/X (12) |
| Gardiner | V 3 | Fragment | 59 |
The name is lost, only the opening cartouche remains. Written on a patch.
Column 6.4
The Dual King ...
nsw-bit ...
| King | Unknown (65th king) | Dynasty | IX/X (13) |
| Gardiner | V 4 | Fragment | 59 |
A trace of the tip of what could be a mr or wsr sign is visible above the opening cartouche, but it is only guesswork. Written on a patch.
1. Gardiner 1959: 15 (V 4 a)
Column 6.5
The Dual King ...
nsw-bit ...
| King | Unknown (66th king) | Dynasty | IX/X (14) |
| Gardiner | V 5 | Fragment | 59 |
The name is lost, only a partial title remain. Written on a patch.
Column 6.6
The Dual King ...
nsw-bit ...
| King | Unknown (67th king) | Dynasty | IX/X (15) |
| Gardiner | V 6 | Fragment | 59 |
The name is lost, only the partial title remain, but with a curious stroke above the "head" of the bee-sign. Written on a patch.
Column 6.7
The Dual King ...
nsw-bit ...
| King | Unknown (68th king) | Dynasty | IX/X (16) |
| Gardiner | V 7 | Fragment | 59 |
The name is lost, only a tiny stroke of the title remain.
Column 6.8
THE PAPYRUS IS MISSING
The Dual King ...
nsw-bit ...
| King | Unknown (69th king) | Dynasty | IX/X (17) |
| Gardiner | V 8 | Fragment | – |
Column 6.9
The Dual King ...
nsw-bit ...
| King | Unknown (70th king) | Dynasty | IX/X (18) |
| Gardiner | V 9 | Fragment | 61 |
The name is lost; there are no traces of any writing.
Column 6.10
Total of 18 kings ...
dmḏ nsw 18 ...
| Summation | |||
| Gardiner | V 10 | Fragment | 61 |
Summation of the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Most of the line is lost, only the initial signs remain. The number of kings is verified by the 18 kings recorded from 5.18 to 6.9. According to Manetho, during this period either 38 kings ruled for 594 years1, or 23 kings ruled for 285 years.2 The First Intermediate period as a whole lasted only for about 125 years, so it is clear that the numbers of Manetho are unreliable, probably due to misinterpretation or corruption by the redactors of the epitomes.
1. According to Africanus: 19 kings of the Ninth Dynasty reigned for 409 years, and 19 kings of the Tenth Dynasty reigned for 185 years.
2. According to Eusebius: 4 kings of the Ninth Dynasty reigned for 100, and 19 kings of the Tenth Dynasty reigned for 185 years.
2. According to Eusebius: 4 kings of the Ninth Dynasty reigned for 100, and 19 kings of the Tenth Dynasty reigned for 185 years.
Column 6.11
The kings ...
nsywt ...
| Heading | |||
| Gardiner | V 11 | Fragment | 61 |
Heading of the Eleventh Dynasty. The scribe has actually written kingship (pl.), which is a mistake.1 Only the initial signs remain, the rest is lost.
1. Ryholt 2000: 95 n. 40
Column 6.12
The Dual King ...
nsw-bit ...
| King | Mentuhotep I (71st king) | Dynasty | XI (1) |
| Gardiner | V 12 | Fragment | 61 |
The name is lost. Gardiner tentatively restored the first sign as V29 (wꜢḥ), noting that it could also be N28 (ḫꜤ),1 but neither restoration fits an Eleventh Dynasty king. Beckerath proposed sꜤ as a possible reading,2 but ultimately, the tiny trace makes a proper identification impossible. Counting back from Mentuhotep II (6.16), this line would have contained the name of Mentuhotep I, who only gained royal titles posthumously. He was the father of Intef I, the founder of the Eleventh Dynasty at Thebes. Only the first two signs of the name in the Karnak Canon are readable, but as the Horus name tpy-Ꜥ (“the forefather”) is also readable, it undoubtedly belong to Mentuhotep I.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Karnak Canon 12 |  | mn-[tw-ḥtp] | Men(tuhotep) |
1. Gardiner 1959: 16 (V 12)
2. Beckerath 1995: 226.
2. Beckerath 1995: 226.
Column 6.13
The Dual King ...
nsw-bit ...
| King | Intef I (72nd king) | Dynasty | XI (2) |
| Gardiner | V 13 | Fragment | 61 |
The name is lost, only the title remain. Counting back from Mentuhotep II (6.16), this line would have contained the name of Intef I. The bee is part of Champollion's fragment Kk.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Karnak Canon 11 |  | ini-[t-f] | In(tef) |
Column 6.14
The Dual King ... 49 years ...
nsw-bit ... 49 ...
| King | Intef II (73rd king) | Dynasty | XI (3) |
| Gardiner | V 14 | Fragment | 61 + 62 + 85 |
The name is lost. The partial sign before the nine is most likely the back end of 40. Counting back from Mentuhotep II (6.16), this line would have contained the name of Intef II. Note: in the museum photo of the papyrus, fr. 85 is incorrectly rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise and is partially obscured by a transparent tape running vertically at the left edge, which is corrected here. The bee and the top of the fragment is part of Champollion's fragment Kk.
Column 6.15
The Dual King ... 8 ...
nsw-bit ... 8 ...
| King | Intef III (74th king) | Dynasty | XI (4) |
| Gardiner | V 15 | Fragment | 62 + 85 |
The name is lost. Counting back from Mentuhotep II (6.16), this line would have contained the name of Intef III. The writing on this line starts farther left than the rest of this column, due to (5.16) encroaching this column.
Column 6.16
The Dual King Nebhapetra ... 51 years ...
nsw-bit nb-ḥꜢpt-rꜤ ... rnpt 51 ...
| King | Mentuhotep II (75th king) | Dynasty | XI (5) |
| Gardiner | V 16 | Fragment | 63 + 84 + 85 |
The first king of the Eleventh Dynasty whose name is intact.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 57 |  | nb-hꜢpt-rꜤ | Nebhapetra |
| Karnak Canon 29 | | nb-hꜢpt-rꜤ | Nebhapetra |
| Saqqara Canon 13 |  | nb-hꜢpt-rꜤ | Nebhapetra |
Column 6.17
The Dual King, Sankhka(ra) ... 12 years ...
nsw-bit sꜤnḫ-kꜢ ... 12 ...
| King | Mentuhotep III (76th king) | Dynasty | XI (6) |
| Gardiner | V 17 | Fragment | 63 + ? + 84 + 85 |
Farina added the unnumbered fragment1 which clarifies the ankh part of the name. A mistake was made in the Karnak Canon, where the Ꜥnḫ-sign was misinterpreted from the source used, as the similar-looking nfr-sign.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 58 |  | sꜤnḫ-kꜢ-rꜤ | Sankhkara |
| Karnak Canon 30 |  | snfr-kꜢ-rꜤ | Sneferkara |
| Saqqara Canon 14 | | sꜤnḫ-kꜢ-rꜤ | Sankhkara |
1. Gardiner 1959: 16 (V 17 a)
Column 6.18
Total: 6 kings amounting to 136 years and a lacuna of 7 years, Total: 143 years ...
dmḏ nsw 6 ir n rnpt 136 wsf 7 dmḏ 143 ...
| Summation | |||
| Gardiner | V 18 | Fragment | 63 + ? + 64 |
Summation of the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties. Farina added the unnumbered fragment.1 The traces of a six at the edge of fr. 63 is certain.2 Only a horizontal stroke of the lacuna notation remain in fr. 64, above the sublinear 100-sign that extend to the left. This seven-year lacuna notation account for the last king of the dynasty, the missing Mentuhotep IV, and indicate another lacuna notation, most likely in (6.17). The number written above the sublinear hundred-sign must be 136 as we know the total (143), and the lacuna (7).
1. Gardiner 1959: 16 (V 17 a)
2. id. 16 (V 18 a)
2. id. 16 (V 18 a)
Column 6.19
Kings of the Residence Itj-tawy ...
... ẖnw iṯ-tꜢwy
| Heading | |||
| Gardiner | V 19 | Fragment | 64 |
Only part of the heading for the Twelfth Dynasty remain, however, it does mention the capital Itj-tawy.
Column 6.20
The Dual King Sehotepibra he acted as king for ...
nsw-bit sḥtp-ib-rꜤ ir.n f m nswyt ...
| King | Amenemhat I (77th king) | Dynasty | XII (1) |
| Gardiner | V 20 | Fragment | 64 |
All but ending of the name is lost, but Amenemhat I's prenomen Sehotepibra is the only possibility. As for the number of years, the sublinear tail of a nine is recorded, but a preceding ten-sign is lost where the papyrus breaks off. However, the number 29 is most likely correct, if not certain.1 Curiosly, the redactors of the Epitome failed to understand that Manetho's narrative contained not only four kings named Amenemhat, but also three kings named Senusret, resulting in a badly garbled dynasty which placed Ammenemes between the dynasties.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 59 |  | s.ḥtp-ib-rꜤ | Sehotepibra |
| Karnak Canon 17 | | s.ḥtp-ib-rꜤ | Sehotepibra |
| Saqqara Canon 15 |  | s.ḥtp-ib-rꜤ | Sehotepibra |
| Africanus: XI (1) | — | Aμμενεμης | Ammenemēs |
| Eusebius: XI | — | Aμμενεμης | Ammenemēs (16 years) |
| Eratosthenes: 32 | — | Σταμμενεμης α | Stammenemēs I (26 years) |
1. Gardiner 1959: 16 (V 20 a)
Column 6.21
The Dual King Kheperkara ... 45 years
nsw-bit ḫpr-kꜢ-rꜤ rnpt 45 ...
| King | Senusret I (78th king) | Dynasty | XII (2) |
| Gardiner | V 21 | Fragment | 64 |
All but the ending of the name is lost, but the signs for 40+5 years are certain,1 although the vertical stroke of the five is weak.2 Herodotus failed to understand that the Twelfth Dynasty contained three kings named Senusret, and this Sesostris was in all likelyhood a combination of Senusret I and III.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 60 |  | ḫpr-kꜢ-rꜤ | Kheperkara |
| Karnak Canon 24 | | ḫpr-kꜢ-rꜤ | Kheperkara |
| Saqqara Canon 16 | | ḫpr-kꜢ-rꜤ | Kheperkara |
| Africanus: XII (1) | — | Σεσονχοσις | Sesonkhosis (46 years) |
| Eusebius: XII (1) | — | Σεσονχοσις | Sesonkhosis (46 years) |
| Herodotus: 102.1 | — | Σεσωστρις | Sesōstris |
1. Murnane, "Ancient Egyptian Coregencies", 5 note 20
2. cf. Möller, Hieratische Paläographie II, No. 618
2. cf. Möller, Hieratische Paläographie II, No. 618
Column 6.22
The Dual King Nubkara ... 30+ x years
nsw-bit nbw-kꜢ-rꜤ ... rnpt 30 ...
| King | Amenemhat II (79th king) | Dynasty | XII (3) |
| Gardiner | V 22 | Fragment | 67 + 64 |
The name is lost, but can only have held that of Amenemhat II, the predecessor of Senusret II (6.23). The ten-sign could be a 10, 20, or 30, but most likely 30, as Amenemhat II reigned for at least 35 years, for a likely total of 35–39 years.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 61 |  | nbw-kꜢ.w-rꜤ | Nubkaura |
| Karnak Canon 18 | | nbw-kꜢ.w-rꜤ | Nubkaura |
| Saqqara Canon 17 |  | nwb-kꜢ-rꜤ | Nubkara |
| Africanus: XII (2) | — | Aμμανεμης | Ammanemēs (38 years) |
| Eusebius: XII (2) | — | Aμμανεμης | Ammanemēs (38 years) |
| Eratosthenes: 33 | — | Σταμμενεμης β | Stammenemēs II |
Column 6.23
The Dual King Khapheperra ... 19 years ...
nsw-bit ḫꜤ-ḫpr-rꜤ ... rnpt 19 ...
| King | Senusret II (80th king) | Dynasty | XII (4) |
| Gardiner | V 23 | Fragment | 67 |
The name is lost, but was likely that of Senusret II. The partial ten-sign could be a 10/20/30, but most likely a 10. Below that is the sublinear tail of a nine, yielding a very probable 19-year reign. Manetho's Sesostris was probably a conflation of the two kings with the same name, or misunderstood by the redactor of the Epitome.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 62 |  | ḫꜤ-ḫpr-rꜤ | Khakheperra |
| Saqqara Canon 18 | | ḫꜤ-ḫpr-rꜤ | Khakheperra |
| Africanus: XII (3) | — | Σεσωστρις | Sesōstris (48 years) |
| Eusebius: XII (3) | — | Σεσωστρις | Sesōstris (48 years) |
Column 6.24
The Dual King Nebkaura ... 30+ x years
nsw-bit ḫꜤ-kꜢ-rꜤ ... rnpt 30 ...
| King | Senusret III (81st king) | Dynasty | XII (5) |
| Gardiner | V 24 | Fragment | 67 |
The name is lost, but most likely that of Senusret III. The 30-sign is certain; the subsequent number could be in the range of 1–8,1 for a total of 31-38 years. A nine is impossible, as the tail of a nine would have extended below the ten-sign.2 Manetho's Sesostris was probably a conflation of the two kings with the same name, or misunderstood by the redactor of the Epitome.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 63 |  | ḫꜤ-kꜢ.w-rꜤ | Khakaura |
| Karnak Canon 32 |  | ḫꜤ-kꜢ-rꜤ | Khakara |
| Saqqara Canon 19 | | ḫꜤ-kꜢ-rꜤ | Khakara |
| Africanus: XII (3) | — | Σεσωστρις | Sesōstris (48 years) |
| Eusebius: XII (3) | — | Σεσωστρις | Sesōstris (48 years) |
| Eratosthenes: 34 | — | Σιστοσιχερμης | Sistosikhermēs (55 years) |
| Herodotus: 102.1 | — | Σεσωστρις | Sesōstris |
1. Gardiner 1959: 16 (V 24 a)
2. Sethe 1904: 39
2. Sethe 1904: 39
Column 6.25
The Dual King Nimaatra ... 40 + x years
nsw-bit ni-mꜢꜤt-rꜤ ... rnpt 40 ...
| King | Amenemhat III (82nd king) | Dynasty | XII (6) |
| Gardiner | V 25 | Fragment | 67 |
The name is lost, but most likely that of Amenemhat III. The 40-sign is certain, but any extra years are lost. His highest attested date is year 46,1 and probably had a long coregency (c. 20 years) with his father Senusret II,2 and shorter coregency with his son, Amenemhat IV.
| Source | Cartouche | Name | Transcription |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abydos Canon 64 |  | ni-mꜢꜤt-rꜤ | Nimaatra |
| Saqqara Canon 20 |  | ni-[mꜢꜤt]-rꜤ | Nimaatra |
| Africanus: XXI (4) | — | Λαχαρης | Lakharēs (8 years) |
| Eusebius: XII (4) | — | Λαμαρις | Lamaris (8 years) |
| Eratosthenes: 35 | — | Μαρης | Marēs (43 years) |
| Herodotus: 101.1 | — | Μοιριος | Moirios |
1. Griffith 1897: 40, pls. 14-15. (Papyrus Kahun VI 19 recto)
2. Thomas Schneider, "The Relative Chronology", 172f.
2. Thomas Schneider, "The Relative Chronology", 172f.
Bibliography
Allen, James P. 1999. ‘The Turin Kinglist’. BASOR 315: 48–53.
Beckerath, Jürgen von. 1964. Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten. Glückstadt: Augustin.
———. 1966. ‘Die Dynastie Der Herakleopoliten (9./10. Dynastie)’. ZÄS 93: 13–20.
———. 1984. ‘Bemerkungen zum Turiner Königspapyrus und zu den Dynastien der ägyptischen Geschichte’. Studien Zur Altägyptischen Kultur 11: 49–58.
———. 1995. ‘Some Remarks on Helck’s “Anmerkungen zum Turiner Königspapyrus”’. JEA 81: 225–27.
———. 1999. Handbuch Der Ägyptischen Königsnamen. 2nd ed. MÄS 49. Mainz: von Zabern.
Farina, Giulio. 1938. Il Papiro dei re, restaurato. Rome: G. Bardi.
Gardiner, Alan Henderson. 1957. Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs. 3d ed., rev. Oxford: Griffith Institute.
———. 1959. The Royal Canon of Turin. Oxford: Griffith Institute.
Goedicke, Hans. 1956. ‘King ḤwḏfꜢ?’ JEA 42: 50–53.
Griffith, Francis Llewellyn. 1897. The Petrie Papyri: Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and Gurob. 2 vols. London: Quaritch.
Heagy, Thomas C. 2014. ‘Who Was Menes?’ Archéo-Nil 24: 59–92.
Helck, Wolfgang. 1956. Untersuchungen zu Manetho und den ägyptischen Königslisten. UGAÄ 18. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
———. 1992. ‘Anmerkungen zum Turiner Königspapyrus’. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 19: 151–216.
Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson. 1967. ‘Byblos, Egypt, and Mari in the Early Second Millennium B.C.’ Orientalia 36 (1): 39–54.
———. 1979. ‘P. Turin N.1847, Vso.’ In Ramesside Inscriptions, 2:827–44. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lepsius, Carl Richard. 1842. Auswahl Der Wichtigsten Urkunden Des Aegyptischen Alterthums. Leipzig: Wigand.
Málek, Jaromír. 1982. ‘The Original Version of the Royal Canon of Turin’. JEA 68: 93–106.
Meyer, Eduard. 1904. Aegyptische Chronologie. Berlin: Verl. der Königl. Akad. der Wiss.
Möller, Georg. 1927. Hieratische Paläographie. Die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Osnabruck: Otto Zeller.
Murnane, William J. 1977. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies. Chicago: Oriental Institute.
Petrie, William M. Flinders. 1900. Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty. Memoirs of the Egypt Exploration Fund 18. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.
Redford, Donald B. 1986. Pharaonic King-Lists, Annals and Day-Books. Mississauga: Benben Publications.
Rougé, Emmanuel de. 1866. ‘Recherches Sur Les Monuments Qu’on Peut Attribuer Aux Six Premières Dynasties de Manéthon’. MIE 25 (2): 225–376.
Ryholt, Kim. 1997. The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800-1550 B.C. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
———. 1998. ‘Hotepibre, a Supposed Asiatic King in Egypt with Relations to Ebla’. BASOR 311: 1–6.
———. 2000. ‘The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-List and the Identity of Nitocris’. ZÄS 127: 87–100.
———. 2004. ‘The Turin King-List’. Ägypten Und Levant 14: 135–55.
———. 2008. ‘King Seneferka in the King-Lists and His Position in the Early Dynastic Period’. Journal of Egyptian History 1: 159–73.
———. 2018. ‘Seals and History of the 14th and 15th Dynasties’. The Hyksos Ruler Khyan and the Early Second Intermediate Period in Egypt : Problems and Priorities of Current Research, ErghÖJh 17: 235–76.
Schneider, Thomas. 2006. ‘The Relative Chronology of the Middle Kingdom and the Hyksos Period (Dyns. 12–17)’. In Ancient Egyptian Chronology, 168–96. Handbook of Oriental Studies 83. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
———. 2018. ‘Khyan’s Place in History. A New Look at the Chronographic Tradition’. The Hyksos Ruler Khyan and the Early Second Intermediate Period in Egypt : Problems and Priorities of Current Research, ErghÖJh 17: 277–85.
Sethe, Kurt. 1904. ‘Zur zeitlichen Festlegung der zwölften Dynastie und zur Benutzung ägyptischer Sothisdaten überhaupt’. ZÄS 41: 38–42.
———. 1905. Beiträge zur ältesten Geschichte Ägyptens. UGAÄ 3. Leipzig: Hinrichs.
Wilkinson, John Gardner. 1851. The Fragments of the Hieratic Papyrus at Turin. 2 vols. London: Richards.
Beckerath, Jürgen von. 1964. Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten. Glückstadt: Augustin.
———. 1966. ‘Die Dynastie Der Herakleopoliten (9./10. Dynastie)’. ZÄS 93: 13–20.
———. 1984. ‘Bemerkungen zum Turiner Königspapyrus und zu den Dynastien der ägyptischen Geschichte’. Studien Zur Altägyptischen Kultur 11: 49–58.
———. 1995. ‘Some Remarks on Helck’s “Anmerkungen zum Turiner Königspapyrus”’. JEA 81: 225–27.
———. 1999. Handbuch Der Ägyptischen Königsnamen. 2nd ed. MÄS 49. Mainz: von Zabern.
Farina, Giulio. 1938. Il Papiro dei re, restaurato. Rome: G. Bardi.
Gardiner, Alan Henderson. 1957. Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs. 3d ed., rev. Oxford: Griffith Institute.
———. 1959. The Royal Canon of Turin. Oxford: Griffith Institute.
Goedicke, Hans. 1956. ‘King ḤwḏfꜢ?’ JEA 42: 50–53.
Griffith, Francis Llewellyn. 1897. The Petrie Papyri: Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and Gurob. 2 vols. London: Quaritch.
Heagy, Thomas C. 2014. ‘Who Was Menes?’ Archéo-Nil 24: 59–92.
Helck, Wolfgang. 1956. Untersuchungen zu Manetho und den ägyptischen Königslisten. UGAÄ 18. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
———. 1992. ‘Anmerkungen zum Turiner Königspapyrus’. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 19: 151–216.
Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson. 1967. ‘Byblos, Egypt, and Mari in the Early Second Millennium B.C.’ Orientalia 36 (1): 39–54.
———. 1979. ‘P. Turin N.1847, Vso.’ In Ramesside Inscriptions, 2:827–44. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lepsius, Carl Richard. 1842. Auswahl Der Wichtigsten Urkunden Des Aegyptischen Alterthums. Leipzig: Wigand.
Málek, Jaromír. 1982. ‘The Original Version of the Royal Canon of Turin’. JEA 68: 93–106.
Meyer, Eduard. 1904. Aegyptische Chronologie. Berlin: Verl. der Königl. Akad. der Wiss.
Möller, Georg. 1927. Hieratische Paläographie. Die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Osnabruck: Otto Zeller.
Murnane, William J. 1977. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies. Chicago: Oriental Institute.
Petrie, William M. Flinders. 1900. Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty. Memoirs of the Egypt Exploration Fund 18. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.
Redford, Donald B. 1986. Pharaonic King-Lists, Annals and Day-Books. Mississauga: Benben Publications.
Rougé, Emmanuel de. 1866. ‘Recherches Sur Les Monuments Qu’on Peut Attribuer Aux Six Premières Dynasties de Manéthon’. MIE 25 (2): 225–376.
Ryholt, Kim. 1997. The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800-1550 B.C. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
———. 1998. ‘Hotepibre, a Supposed Asiatic King in Egypt with Relations to Ebla’. BASOR 311: 1–6.
———. 2000. ‘The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-List and the Identity of Nitocris’. ZÄS 127: 87–100.
———. 2004. ‘The Turin King-List’. Ägypten Und Levant 14: 135–55.
———. 2008. ‘King Seneferka in the King-Lists and His Position in the Early Dynastic Period’. Journal of Egyptian History 1: 159–73.
———. 2018. ‘Seals and History of the 14th and 15th Dynasties’. The Hyksos Ruler Khyan and the Early Second Intermediate Period in Egypt : Problems and Priorities of Current Research, ErghÖJh 17: 235–76.
Schneider, Thomas. 2006. ‘The Relative Chronology of the Middle Kingdom and the Hyksos Period (Dyns. 12–17)’. In Ancient Egyptian Chronology, 168–96. Handbook of Oriental Studies 83. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
———. 2018. ‘Khyan’s Place in History. A New Look at the Chronographic Tradition’. The Hyksos Ruler Khyan and the Early Second Intermediate Period in Egypt : Problems and Priorities of Current Research, ErghÖJh 17: 277–85.
Sethe, Kurt. 1904. ‘Zur zeitlichen Festlegung der zwölften Dynastie und zur Benutzung ägyptischer Sothisdaten überhaupt’. ZÄS 41: 38–42.
———. 1905. Beiträge zur ältesten Geschichte Ägyptens. UGAÄ 3. Leipzig: Hinrichs.
Wilkinson, John Gardner. 1851. The Fragments of the Hieratic Papyrus at Turin. 2 vols. London: Richards.
Terms & information
Manetho – An Egyptian priest who wrote Aegyptiaca, “the History of Egypt” in the third century BC, and has ever since been the source for the chronology of the kingdom.
Epitome – Manetho’s original was lost in antiquity, and in the following centuries replaced by Epitomes (summaries) by rivalling advocates of Jewish, Egyptian, and Greek history that saw each side trying to establish the truth according to their point of view.
Vorlage – German for prototype or template, a vorlage is a prior version of a manuscript, in this case an earlier version of the king list.
Fibre correspondence – finding the horizontal and/or vertical position of a fragment by visually aligning the papyrus fibres.
Lacuna – a gap in the papyrus where the text is lost.
Recto and verso – Recto is the front side and verso is the back side of a written or printed text.
Ligature – a combination of two or more signs or letters into a single symbol.
Cartouche – oval band enclosing a pharaohs name
Hieratic – a cursive form of the hieroglyphic signs and ligatures
Transliteration – To translate hieroglyphs they need to be converted into a readable alphabetic script. This is known as transliteration, and use letters not normally present on keyboards:
The Dual King – The title of the king of all of Egypt, also presented as King of Upper and Lower Egypt.
Hyksos – Greek form of
Mortuary Temple – where the gods and the king who built the temple were worshipped.
JSesh – I highly recommend JSesh Hieroglyphic Editor by Serge Rosmorduc, which is the best editor to use for hieroglyphic texts of any kind. It is also completely free.
Kinglists
- Turin king list
223 kings – Dynasty 19 - Abydos Canon
76 kings – Dynasty 19 - Saqqara Canon
58 kings – Dynasty 19 - Karnak Canon
61 kings – Dynasty 18 - Comparing the canons
Abydos, Saqqara and Karnak - Ramesseum Canon
Ramesses II Mortuary Temple - Medinet Habu Canon
Ramesses III Mortuary Temple
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