Turin king list: Column 7

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Column

28 rows — 26 kings.

Twenty-eight rows with the names of twenty-six kings, covering the last kings of the Twelfth Dynasty leading into the Second Intermediate Period, and an abundance of kings.

Table 1: Overview of column 7
Rows	Remarks	Kings
1–2	Twelfth Dynasty (continued)	2
3	Summation for the Twelfth Dynasty
4	Heading for Thirteenth Dynasty
5–28	Thirteenth Dynasty	24

Quick reference key
ditto mark	Implied repeating text (ditto marks) is represented in blue.
missing	Missing signs that can be restored are represented in grey.
Red	Signs written with red ink are presented in red.
...	Signs that are lost or unreadable is represented by 3 dots.

Column 7.1

the Turin king list 7.1 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.1 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Maakherura he acted as king for 9 years, 3 months and 27 days
nsw-bit mꜢꜤ-ḫrw-rꜤ ir.n f m nswyt rnpt 9 Ꜣbd.w 3 hrw 27

King	Amenemhat IV (83rd king)	Dynasty	XII (7)
Gardiner	VI 1	Fragment	72 + 81

The name of the king is written on the patch. The rightmost part is Champollion's fr. D, and the end of the row is fr. Vv.

Other sources
Source	Cartouche	Name	Transcription
Abydos Canon 65		mꜢꜤ-ḫrw-rꜤ	Maakherura
Karnak Canon 21		mꜢꜤ-ḫrw-rꜤ	Maakherura
Saqqara Canon 21		mꜢꜤ-ḫrw-rꜤ	Maakherura
Africanus: XII (5)	—	Aμμερης	Ammerēs (8 years)

Column 7.2

the Turin king list 7.2 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.2 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Neferusobek(ra), 3 years, 10 months, 24 days
nsw-bit nfr.w-sbk-rꜤ rnpt 3 Ꜣbdw 10 hrw 24

King	Neferusobek (84th king)	Dynasty	XII (8)
Gardiner	VI 2	Fragment	72 + 81

The scribe erroneously added the ubiquitous "Ra" to the name, where it clearly does not belong.¹ The correct name was always written as Neferusobek. The rightmost part is Champollion's fr. D, and the end of the row is fr. Vv.

Other sources
Source	Cartouche	Name	Transcription
Karnak Canon 22		sbk-nfr.w-rꜤ	Sobekneferura
Saqqara Canon 22		sbk-kꜢ-rꜤ	Sobekkara
Africanus: XII (6)	—	Σκεμιoφρις	Skemiophris (4 years)

1. The sign was almost certainly written out without thinking, see Ryholt 1997: , 27 (§1.1.4); Ryholt 2004: 149

Column 7.3

the Turin king list 7.3 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.3 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

Total kings of the Residence Itj-tawy, 8 kings who ruled 213 years, 1 month and 17 days
dmḏ nswyw nt ẖnw iṯ-tꜢwy nsw 8 ir.n rnpt 213 Ꜣbd 1 hrw 17

Summation
Gardiner	VI 3	Fragment	72 + 81

Summation of the Twelfth Dynasty. The diagonal trace above the last numbers is likely the start of a bracket around the end of the line that encroach column 8, as can also be seen in (3.14), (5.16) and (8.3). The trace of the last number can only be a 7. Manetho recorded a total of 160/182 years of reign for this dynasty.¹

1. Africanus: 7 kings of Diospolis, 160 years; Eusebius: 7 kings of Diospolis, 182 years.

Column 7.4

the Turin king list 7.4 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.4 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

Kings who came after the children (?) of The Dual King, Sehotepibra, may he live, prosper and be healthy
nswyt ... sꜢ ... nsw-bit sḥtp-ib-rꜤ Ꜥnḫ wḏꜢ snb

Heading
Gardiner	VI 4	Fragment	72 + 73 + 81

Heading of the Thirteenth Dynasty, or possibly for the entire Second Intermediate Period.¹

Restoration

Allen 2010: 1

nyswt ntjw ḥr sꜢ msw nswt-bjt sḥtp-jb-rꜤ Ꜥnx (w)ḏꜢ s(nb)
Kings who are after the children of Dual King Sehotepibra, alive, sound, and healthy.

1. Ryholt 1997: 33, note 83.

Column 7.5

the Turin king list 7.5 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.5 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Khutawyra he acted as king for 2 years, 3 months and 24 days
nsw-bit ḫw-tꜢwy-rꜤ ir.n f m nswyt rnpt 2 Ꜣbdw 3 hrw 24

King	Sobekhotep I (85th king)	Dynasty	XIII (1)
Gardiner	VI 5	Fragment	72 + 73 + 74 + 81

Egyptologists have established that Wegaf could not have been the first king of the Thirteenth Dynasty,¹ and his prenomen (ḫw-tꜢwy-rꜤ) written here indicate an unintended swap of the similar prenomen of Sobekhotep I (sḫm-rꜤ-ḫw-tꜢwy) recorded further down in the list (7.19).² The trace after Ꜣbd can only be the plural .w sign.

1. Kitchen 1967: 45 n. 2
2. Ryholt 1997: 316ff.

Column 7.6

the Turin king list 7.6 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.6 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Sekhemkara ... years ... lacuna years, 6 years
nsw-bit sḫm-kꜢ-rꜤ ... rnpt ... wsf rnp.t 6

King	Sonbef (86th king)	Dynasty	XIII (2)
Gardiner	VI 6	Fragment	72 + 74 + 81

There is a trace of what could be imn on fr. 72, which might be the beginning of the name Amenemhat. The length of reign is lost, and the six-year lacuna notation likely for Nerikara, whose record is missing.

Column 7.7

the Turin king list 7.7 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.7 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Amenemhat(ra) ... 3 years
nsw-bit i-mn-m-ḥꜢ.t (rꜤ) ... rnpt 3

King	Sekhemkara Amenemhat (87th king)	Dynasty	XIII (3)
Gardiner	VI 7	Fragment	72 + 74

There are worn traces of the start of the cartouche, and a rꜤ-sign added erroneously by the scribe.¹ The traces of imn are very probable, while m-ḥꜢt is certain. The final number could be in the 3-4 range.² There might also have been lacuna notation on this line for king Ameny Qemau, which is itself lost in lacuna.³ The rightmost part is the first row of Champollion's fragment C.

1. The sign was almost certainly written out without thinking, see Ryholt 1997: , 27 (§1.1.4); Ryholt, "Turin King-List", 149
2. Ryholt 1997: 74
3. Ryholt 1997: 73, 214

Column 7.8

the Turin king list 7.8 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.8 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Sehotepibra ... 1 ...
nsw-bit {s}ḥtp-ib-rꜤ ... 1

King	Qemau Siharnedjheritef (88th king)	Dynasty	XIII (4)
Gardiner	VI 8	Fragment	72 + 74

The scribe incorrectly added an initial s to the correct name Hotepibra,¹ as attested by all other finds of this king. The second row of Champollion's fragment C.

1. Ryholt 1998: 3; Ryholt 1997: 338-339 (File 13/10)

Column 7.9

the Turin king list 7.9 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.9 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Iufni ...
nsw-bit iwf-ni ...

King	Iufni (89th king)	Dynasty	XIII (5)
Gardiner	VI 9	Fragment	72

This is the only attestation of a king with this name.¹ The third row of Champollion's fragment C.

1. Ryholt 1997: 73, 214

Column 7.10

the Turin king list 7.10 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.10 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Sankhibra ... 23 days ...
nsw-bit sꜤnḫ-ib-rꜤ ... hrw 23 ...

King	Sankhibra Amenemhat (90th king)	Dynasty	XIII (6)
Gardiner	VI 10 + unpl.	Fragment	72 + 75

Horizontal and vertical fibre correspondence between fr. 72 and 75 make the position of fr. 75 certain.¹ The photos do not include fr. 75, which use the old placement of Farina. The fourth row of Champollion's fragment C.

1. Ryholt 1997: 21

Column 7.11

the Turin king list 7.11 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.11 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Semenkara ... 22 days ...
nsw-bit smn-kꜢ-rꜤ ... 22 ...

King	Nebnun (91st king)	Dynasty	XIII (7)
Gardiner	VI 11 + unpl.	Fragment	72 + 75

Horizontal and vertical fibre correspondence between fr. 72 and 75 make the position of fr. 75 certain.¹ The photos of the papyrus does not include fr. 75, as it is still arranged as per Farina. The fifth row of Champollion's fragment C.

1. Ryholt 1997: 21

Column 7.12

the Turin king list 7.12 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.12 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Sehotepibra ... 1 (+ x months,) 27 days ...
nsw-bit sḥtp-ib-rꜤ ... 1 ... 27 ...

King	Sewesekhtawy Sehotepibra (92nd king)	Dynasty	XIII (8)
Gardiner	VI 12 + unpl.	Fragment	72 + 75

1. Ryholt 1997: 21

Column 7.13

the Turin king list 7.13 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.13 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Sewadjkara ... 21 + x days
nsw-bit swꜢḏ-kꜢ-rꜤ ... hrw 21 + x ...

King	Sewadjkara (93rd king)	Dynasty	XIII (9)
Gardiner	VI 13 + unpl.	Fragment	72 + 75

The unnumbered fragment¹ with rꜤ-s-wꜢḏ was added by Farina.² The top part of a partial 20-sign is visible on fr. 75, which Gardiner transliterated as a ten, but a ten does not have a horizontal stroke. Horizontal and vertical fibre correspondence between fr. 72 and 75 make the position of fr. 75 certain.³ The photos of the papyrus does not include fr. 75, as it is still arranged as per Farina. The second row of Champollion's fragment M.

1. Gardiner 1959: 16 (VI 13 a-b)
2. Farina 1938: pl. 6
3. Ryholt 1997: 21

Column 7.14

the Turin king list 7.14 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.14 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King, Nedjemibra ... 0 years 7 months ...
nsw-bit nḏm-ib-rꜤ ... rnpt 0 Ꜣbd.w 7 ...

King	Nedjemibra (94th king)	Dynasty	XIII (10)
Gardiner	VI 14	Fragment	76 + 77

Gardiner read the trace of the last sign as a probable nine,¹ but since the sign does not end well below the line, it is likely a seven.²

1. Gardiner 1959: 16 (VI 14 b)
2. Ryholt 1997: 74, 192

Column 7.15

the Turin king list 7.15 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.15 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King, Sobekhotep son of Ra ... 2 ...
nsw-bit sbk-ḥtp-rꜤ zꜢ ... 2 ...

King	Sobekhotep II (95th king)	Dynasty	XIII (11)
Gardiner	VI 15	Fragment	76 + 77 + 70

The traces of Son of... follows the cartouche,¹ but name is lost in lacuna.² The minor traces on Fr. 70, were read that Gardiner read as a two. The scribe erroneously added the ubiquitous "Ra" to the name, where it clearly does not belong.³

1. Gardiner 1959: 16 (VI 15 a)
2. Ryholt 1997: 215
3. The sign was almost certainly written out without thinking, see Ryholt 1997: 27 (§1.1.4); Ryholt 2004: 149

Column 7.16

the Turin king list 7.16 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.16 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Renseneb he acted as king for ... 4 months ...
nsw-bit rn-snb ir.n ... Ꜣbd 4 ...

King	Ranisonb (96th king)	Dynasty	XIII (12)
Gardiner	VI 16	Fragment	76 + 77 + 70

Gardiner incorrectly read a f below the numbers,¹ but there is no trace of that on fr. 70. Furthermore, the fragment has moved slightly to the left compared to Gardiner, because there is no vertical fibre correspondence between fr. 70 and 78,² and also leave room for a longer text. Fragment 76 is the first row of Champollion's fragment G. As can be seen in the photo, Farina joined a tiny fragment to the left side of fr. 77,³ which is not present in Lepsius, Gardiner, or Ryholt, as the fibres do not match,⁴ or at least, is questionable.

Restoration

Ryholt 1997: 71

The Dual King Ranisonb has functioned in kingship for 4 months
nsw-bit rni-snb ir n f m nswyt rnpt 0 Ꜣbdw 4

1. Gardiner 1959: pl. III
2. Ryholt 1997: 22
3. Farina 1938: pl. VI.
4. Ryholt 1997: 22 n. 56

Column 7.17

the Turin king list 7.17 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.17 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Awtibra ... 7 days
nsw-bit Ꜣw.t-ib-rꜤ ... hrw 7

King	Hor I (97th king)	Dynasty	XIII (13)
Gardiner	VI 17	Fragment	76 + 77 + 70

A possible lacuna notation might have been found on this line, but if so, is itself lost in the lacuna. This is almost certain because at least four known successors of Awtibra are absent from the papyrus.¹ Fragment 76 is the second row of Champollion's fragment G.

1. Ryholt 1997: 12, 218f.

Column 7.18

the Turin king list 7.18 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.18 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Sedjefa..kara, x years ...
nsw-bit s-ḏfꜢ ... kꜢ-rꜤ rnpt ...

King	Sedjefakara Kay-Amenemhat (98th king)	Dynasty	XIII (14)
Gardiner	VI 18	Fragment	76 + 78 + 70

The third row of fr. 76 is Champollion's fragment G, and fragment 78 is the first row of fr. V.

Column 7.19

the Turin king list 7.19 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.19 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Sekhemra Khutawy Sobekhotep reigned x years ...
nsw-bit sḫm-rꜤ ḫw-tꜢwy sbk-ḥtp rnpt ...

King	Wegaf (99th king)	Dynasty	XIII (15)
Gardiner	VI 19	Fragment	76 + 78

The prenomen of of Sobekhotep I (sḫm-rꜤ-ḫw-tꜢwy) written here were interchanged with the similar prenomen of Wegaf (ḫw-tꜢwy-rꜤ) recorded further up in the list (7.5).¹ The fourth row of fr. 76 is Champollion's fragment G, and fragment 78 is the second row of fr. V.

1. Ryholt 1997: 316ff.

Column 7.20

the Turin king list 7.20 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.20 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Userkara Khendjer, x years ...
nsw-bit wsr ... rꜤ ḫnḏr rꜤ rnpt ...

King	Khendjer (100th king)	Dynasty	XIII (16)
Gardiner	VI 20 + VI 11	Fragment	76 + 78

The second rꜤ was a misinterpretation by the scribe of the similar-looking Aa1-sign (ḫ).¹ The fourth row of fr. 76 is Champollion's fragment J, and fragment 78 is the third row of fr. V.

1. Compare Möller, Hieratische Paläographie II, No. 574 and 303.

Column 7.21

the Turin king list 7.21 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.21 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King ...kara Imyremeshaw, 4 days
nsw-bit ... kꜢ-rꜤ imy-r-mšꜤw ... hrw 4

King	Imyremeshaw (101st king)	Dynasty	XIII (17)
Gardiner	VI 21	Fragment	76 + 78 + 71

The nomen Imyremeshaw¹ was a military title, but was on occasion also a personal name for families with a military tradition.² The position of fr. 71 is tenative.³ The sixth row of fr. 76 is Champollion's fragment J, and fragment 78 is the fourth row of fr. V.

1. With prenomen on colossal statue Cairo JE 37466 (statue). See Flinders Petrie, Tanis I, (London: 1885), Plate III (17 B)
2. Ryholt 1997: 221f.
3. id. 22, 71. Ryholt posed that fr. 71 should be disregarded, yet it is present in his Fig. 10, ten rows down compared to Gardiner.

Column 7.22

the Turin king list 7.22 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.22 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Sehotepkara Intef, ... 3 days
... s-ḥtp-kꜢ-rꜤ ... in.t=f ... 3

King	Intef IV (102nd king)	Dynasty	XIII (18)
Gardiner	VI 22	Fragment	78 + 71

The position of fr. 71 is tenative.¹ The fifth row of fr. 78 is Champollion's fragment V, and the top trace on fr. 79 = fr. Oo. Apparent from Lepsius' facsimile, fragment 78 was once continuous but has since been split in two right on the middle of this row.

1. Ryholt 1997: 22, 71. Ryholt posed that fr. 71 should be disregarded, yet it is present in his Fig. 10, ten rows down compared to Gardiner.

Column 7.23

the Turin king list 7.23 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.23 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Meribra Seth ... 6 days
nsw-bit ... mr-ib-rꜤ ... stẖ ... 6

King	Meribra Seth (103rd king)	Dynasty	XIII (19)
Gardiner	VI 23	Fragment	79 + 78 + 71

Gardiner removed part of Fr. 79.¹ The position of fr. 71 is tenative². The sixth row of fr. 76 is Champollion's fragment J, and fragment 78 is the fourth row of fr. V.

1. Gardiner 1959: 16 (VI 23 a). See unplaced fragment 79a for a description of the removed fragment.
2. Ryholt 1997: 22, 71. Ryholt posed that fr. 71 should be disregarded, yet it is present in his Fig. 10, ten rows down compared to Gardiner.

Column 7.24

the Turin king list 7.24 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.24 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Sekhemkara Wadjtawy Sobekhotep, 4 years, 2 months x days
nsw-bit sḫm-kꜢ-rꜤ wꜢḏ-tꜢ.wy sbk-ḥtp rnpt 4 Ꜣbd 2 hrw x

King	Sobekhotep III (104th king)	Dynasty	XIII (20)
Gardiner	VI 24	Fragment	79 + 78 + 80

The partial kꜢ-sign following sḫm is almost certain.¹ Gardiner recorded only 2 strokes on either side of the small lacuna on fr. 80,² but as can be seen on the photo and on Lepsius' facsimile, there are 4 strokes, or years.³ The bee and opening cartouche on fr. 79 is Champollion's fr. O, and fr. 78 is fr. Oo.

1. Gardiner 1959: 16 (VI 24 a)
2. id. plate III.
3. Ryholt 1997: 74

Column 7.25

the Turin king list 7.25 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.25 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Khasekhemra Neferhotep, son of Haankhef, 11 years, 1 month ...
nsw-bit ḫꜤ-sḫm-rꜤ nfr-ḥtp) sꜢ ḥꜢ-Ꜥnḫ=f rnpt 11 Ꜣbd 1 ...

King	Neferhotep I (105th king)	Dynasty	XIII (21)
Gardiner	VI 25	Fragment	79 + 78 + 80

Only a vertical trace of the number of months remains as the papyrus breaks off, it could be 1-5, or 10-11.¹ Fragment 79 is Champollion's fr. O, and fr. 78 is from fr. Pp and Oo.

1. Möller, Hieratische Paläographie II, Nos. 614-623. The vertical component would seem to rule out numbers 6-9.

Column 7.26

the Turin king list 7.26 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.26 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Sihathor ... years ... 3 days ...
nsw-bit sꜢ-ḥw.t-ḥr rnpt ... hrw 3

King	Sihathor (106th king)	Dynasty	XIII (22)
Gardiner	VI 26	Fragment	79 + 78 + 80

Fragment 79 is Champollion's fr. O, and fr. 78 is from fr. Pp and Oo.

Column 7.27

the Turin king list 7.27 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.27 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King Khaneferra Sobekhotep ...
nsw-bit ḫꜤ-nfr-rꜤ sbk-ḥtp ...

King	Sobekhotep IV (107th king)	Dynasty	XIII (23)
Gardiner	VI 27	Fragment	79 + 78 + 80

Fragment 79 is Champollion's fr. O, and fr. 78 is from fr. Pp and Oo.

Column 7.28

the Turin king list 7.28 (photo of the hieratic text)

the Turin king list 7.28 (facsimile of the hieratic text)

The Dual King ...
nsw-bit ...

King

Sobekhotep V (108th king)

Dynasty

XIII (24)

The name is lost, but Sobekhotep V succeeded Sobekhotep IV (7.27) and was himself succeeded by Sobekhotep VI (8.1), which would place his name here.¹

1. Ryholt 1997: 231-2

Bibliography

Allen, James P. 1999. ‘The Turin Kinglist’. BASOR 315: 48–53.
Beckerath, Jürgen von. 1964. Untersuchungen zur politischen Geschichte der Zweiten Zwischenzeit in Ägypten. Glückstadt: Augustin.
———. 1966. ‘Die Dynastie Der Herakleopoliten (9./10. Dynastie)’. ZÄS 93: 13–20.
———. 1984. ‘Bemerkungen zum Turiner Königspapyrus und zu den Dynastien der ägyptischen Geschichte’. Studien Zur Altägyptischen Kultur 11: 49–58.
———. 1995. ‘Some Remarks on Helck’s “Anmerkungen zum Turiner Königspapyrus”’. JEA 81: 225–27.
———. 1999. Handbuch Der Ägyptischen Königsnamen. 2nd ed. MÄS 49. Mainz: von Zabern.
Farina, Giulio. 1938. Il Papiro dei re, restaurato. Rome: G. Bardi.
Gardiner, Alan Henderson. 1957. Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs. 3d ed., rev. Oxford: Griffith Institute.
———. 1959. The Royal Canon of Turin. Oxford: Griffith Institute.
Goedicke, Hans. 1956. ‘King ḤwḏfꜢ?’ JEA 42: 50–53.
Griffith, Francis Llewellyn. 1897. The Petrie Papyri: Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and Gurob. 2 vols. London: Quaritch.
Heagy, Thomas C. 2014. ‘Who Was Menes?’ Archéo-Nil 24: 59–92.
Helck, Wolfgang. 1956. Untersuchungen zu Manetho und den ägyptischen Königslisten. UGAÄ 18. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
———. 1992. ‘Anmerkungen zum Turiner Königspapyrus’. Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 19: 151–216.
Kitchen, Kenneth Anderson. 1967. ‘Byblos, Egypt, and Mari in the Early Second Millennium B.C.’ Orientalia 36 (1): 39–54.
———. 1979. ‘P. Turin N.1847, Vso.’ In Ramesside Inscriptions, 2:827–44. Oxford: Blackwell.
Lepsius, Carl Richard. 1842. Auswahl Der Wichtigsten Urkunden Des Aegyptischen Alterthums. Leipzig: Wigand.
Málek, Jaromír. 1982. ‘The Original Version of the Royal Canon of Turin’. JEA 68: 93–106.
Meyer, Eduard. 1904. Aegyptische Chronologie. Berlin: Verl. der Königl. Akad. der Wiss.
Möller, Georg. 1927. Hieratische Paläographie. Die aegyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Osnabruck: Otto Zeller.
Murnane, William J. 1977. Ancient Egyptian Coregencies. Chicago: Oriental Institute.
Petrie, William M. Flinders. 1900. Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty. Memoirs of the Egypt Exploration Fund 18. London: Egypt Exploration Fund.
Redford, Donald B. 1986. Pharaonic King-Lists, Annals and Day-Books. Mississauga: Benben Publications.
Rougé, Emmanuel de. 1866. ‘Recherches Sur Les Monuments Qu’on Peut Attribuer Aux Six Premières Dynasties de Manéthon’. MIE 25 (2): 225–376.
Ryholt, Kim. 1997. The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800-1550 B.C. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
———. 1998. ‘Hotepibre, a Supposed Asiatic King in Egypt with Relations to Ebla’. BASOR 311: 1–6.
———. 2000. ‘The Late Old Kingdom in the Turin King-List and the Identity of Nitocris’. ZÄS 127: 87–100.
———. 2004. ‘The Turin King-List’. Ägypten Und Levant 14: 135–55.
———. 2008. ‘King Seneferka in the King-Lists and His Position in the Early Dynastic Period’. Journal of Egyptian History 1: 159–73.
———. 2018. ‘Seals and History of the 14th and 15th Dynasties’. The Hyksos Ruler Khyan and the Early Second Intermediate Period in Egypt : Problems and Priorities of Current Research, ErghÖJh 17: 235–76.
Schneider, Thomas. 2006. ‘The Relative Chronology of the Middle Kingdom and the Hyksos Period (Dyns. 12–17)’. In Ancient Egyptian Chronology, 168–96. Handbook of Oriental Studies 83. Leiden, Boston: Brill.
———. 2018. ‘Khyan’s Place in History. A New Look at the Chronographic Tradition’. The Hyksos Ruler Khyan and the Early Second Intermediate Period in Egypt : Problems and Priorities of Current Research, ErghÖJh 17: 277–85.
Sethe, Kurt. 1904. ‘Zur zeitlichen Festlegung der zwölften Dynastie und zur Benutzung ägyptischer Sothisdaten überhaupt’. ZÄS 41: 38–42.
———. 1905. Beiträge zur ältesten Geschichte Ägyptens. UGAÄ 3. Leipzig: Hinrichs.
Wilkinson, John Gardner. 1851. The Fragments of the Hieratic Papyrus at Turin. 2 vols. London: Richards.

Terms & information

Manetho – An Egyptian priest who wrote Aegyptiaca, “the History of Egypt” in the third century BC, and has ever since been the source for the chronology of the kingdom.

Epitome – Manetho’s original was lost in antiquity, and in the following centuries replaced by Epitomes (summaries) by rivalling advocates of Jewish, Egyptian, and Greek history that saw each side trying to establish the truth according to their point of view.

Vorlage – German for prototype or template, a vorlage is a prior version of a manuscript, in this case an earlier version of the king list.

Fibre correspondence – finding the horizontal and/or vertical position of a fragment by visually aligning the papyrus fibres.

Lacuna – a gap in the papyrus where the text is lost.

Recto and verso – Recto is the front side and verso is the back side of a written or printed text.

Ligature – a combination of two or more signs or letters into a single symbol.

Cartouche – oval band enclosing a pharaohs name

Hieratic – a cursive form of the hieroglyphic signs and ligatures

Transliteration – To translate hieroglyphs they need to be converted into a readable alphabetic script. This is known as transliteration, and use letters not normally present on keyboards:
Ꜣ Ꜥ ḥ ḫ ẖ š ḳ ṯ ḏ

The Dual King – The title of the king of all of Egypt, also presented as King of Upper and Lower Egypt.

Hyksos – Greek form of ḥḳꜢ-ḫꜢswt or “rulers of foreign lands,” referring to peoples who migrated and controlled parts Egypt during the SIP.

Mortuary Temple – where the gods and the king who built the temple were worshipped.

JSesh – I highly recommend JSesh Hieroglyphic Editor by Serge Rosmorduc, which is the best editor to use for hieroglyphic texts of any kind. It is also completely free.

Kinglists

Turin king list
223 kings – Dynasty 19
Abydos Canon
76 kings – Dynasty 19
Saqqara Canon
58 kings – Dynasty 19
Karnak Canon
61 kings – Dynasty 18
Comparing the canons
Abydos, Saqqara and Karnak
Ramesseum Canon
Ramesses II Mortuary Temple
Medinet Habu Canon
Ramesses III Mortuary Temple

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