The Egyptian dynasties of Manetho
Hello there.Manetho's Aegyptiaca is no longer extant; no fragments of it have ever been discovered. What we know of Aegyptiaka is based entirely on quotations by later authors, particularly from extracts made by Africanus and Eusebius. Neither of these works has survived in its original Greek. Instead, translations and summaries were copied and passed on through the medieval manuscript tradition to the modern world.
Before analysing the content of Manetho's Aegyptiaca, it is necessary to consider a critical point. Unlike modern publications, which can be easily duplicated, Manetho's original three books constituted a single, unified work of which there would have existed exactly one copy – Manethos original. It likely found its way into the newly created Great Library in Alexandria where interested parties could arrange for copies to be made. Given the length of the Aegyptiaca, such commissioned works were probably created as epitomes, summaries of the content deemed relevant.
It is also significant to note that the Armenian translation of the Greek text by Eusebius was unknown to Syncellus and followed a distinct trajectory to reach us, and serves to corroborate the text of Eusebius from a entirely different source.
Dynasty I
Concerning the dynasties of Egypt after the Flood,
according to Africanus1
-
After the spirits of the dead, the demigods,2 the first royal line is numbered at eight kings.
The first of them, Menes of This,3
reigned for62 years
He was seized by a hippopotamus and perished. - Athothis, his son57 years
He built the palace in Memphis. His books on anatomy are in circulation; for he was a physician. - Kenkenes, his son31 years
-
Ouenephes, his son23 years
During his reign, a great famine gripped Egypt. He erected the pyramids around Kochome. - Ousaphaidos, his son20 years
- Miebidos, his son26 years
- Semempses, his son18 years
During his reign, a vast pestilence gripped Egypt. - Bieneches, his son26 years
- Total253 years4
Eusebios also furnished the details of the First Dynasty in somewhat the same way as Africanus.
Concerning the dynasties of the Egyptians after the Flood,
according to Eusebios5
- Menes of This and his 17 descendants.6 Herodotos called him Men.7
He reigned for60 years
He launched a foreign campaign and was highly esteemed. He was seized by a hippopotamus.8 - Athothis, his son, ruled27 years
He built the palace in Memphis; he practised medicine and composed books on anatomy. - Kenkenes, his son39 years
- Ouenephes42 years
During his reign, famine gripped the land. He also erected the pyramids around Kochome. - Ousaphais20 years
- Niebais26 years
- Semempses18 years
During his reign, there were many portents and a vast pestilence. - Oubienthis26 years
- Total years of their reign252 years9
Mēmēs of Thinis and his seven descendants. First dynasty.
-
[Mēmēs], whom Herodotus calls Mina,
ruled for 30 years
He took the army beyond the borders of his land seeking glory and renown.10 A hippopotamus11 made off with him. - Atʻovtʻis, his son, ruled for 27 years
He built a palace in the city of Memphis. He was skilled in medicine, and wrote about how to conduct autopsies. - Kenkenis, his son39 years
- Vawēnepʻis42 years In his reign a famine gripped the land. He built the pyramids near Kʻovoan.12
- Usapʻayis20 years
- Niēbayis26 years
- Mēmpʻsēs18 years
During his reign numerous abominations and corruptions occurred. - Vibētʻis26 years
- In total, reigned for 252 years13
First Dynasty remarks
The eight kings from the archaeological records of the First Dynasty are consistent with the Turin King List (3.10-19) and also with Manetho. However, the records of Africanus and Eusebius differ in the length of reign of the first four kings, while they agree on the last four. Conversely, the names of the first four kings agree in both accounts, but the last four are slightly different. It is evident that there has been some form of corruption in the epitomes used by both authors, albeit at different points. It is impossible to say which account is more accurate.
Herodotus, Histories
(2.4) The first human king of Egypt was Min. In his time all Egypt save the Thebaic province was a marsh: all the country that we now see was then covered by water, north of the lake Moeris, a lake seven days' journey up the river from the sea.
(2.99) The priests told me that Min was the first king of Egypt, and that first he separated Memphis from the Nile by a dam. All the river had flowed close under the sandy mountains on the Libyan side, but Min made the southern bend of it, which begins about twelve and one half miles above Memphis, by damming the stream, thereby drying up the ancient channel, and carried the river by a channel so that it flowed midway between the hills. Then, when this first king Min had made dry land of what he thus cut off, he first founded in it that city which is now called Memphis, and outside of it he dug a lake from the river to its north and west; and secondly, he built in it the great and most noteworthy temple of Hephaestus [Ptah]. After him came 330 kings, whose names the priests recited from a papyrus roll.
Diodorus, Bibliotheca Historica
(1.45.1) After the gods the first king of Egypt, according to the priests, was Menas.
(1.45.3) And it is said that the descendants of this king, 52 in number all told, ruled in unbroken succession more than a thousand and forty years, but that in their reigns nothing occurred that was worthy of record.
(1.50) Of the descendants of this king [Osymandyas], the eighth, known as Uchoreus, founded Memphis, the most renowned city of Egypt. For he chose the most favourable spot in all the land, where the Nile divides into several branches to form the “Delta,” as it is called from its shape; and the result was that the city, excellently situated as it was at the gates of the Delta, continually controlled the commerce passing into Upper Egypt.
Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews
(VIII 6.2) Now Solomon the King was at this time engaged in building these cities. But if any enquire why all the Kings of Egypt, from Menes who built Memphis, and was many years earlier than our fore-father Abraham, until Solomon, where the interval was more than 1,300 years, were called Pharaohs, and took it from one Pharaoh that lived after the Kings of that interval, I think it necessary to inform them of it: and this in order to cure their ignorance, and to make the occasion of that name manifest. Pharaoh in the Egyptian tongue signifies a King. But I suppose they made use of other names from their childhood: but when they were made Kings, they changed them into the name which in their own tongue denoted their authority ..... I suppose also that Herodotus of Halicarnassus, when he said there were 330 Kings of Egypt after Menes, who built Memphis, did therefore not tell us their names, because they were in common called Pharaohs ..... As for myself, I have discovered from our own Books, that after Pharaoh, the father-in-law of Solomon, no other King of Egypt did any longer use that name.....
Dynasty II
Second dynasty of nine kings of This
-
The first of them was Boethos38 years
During his reign, a chasm opened up in Boubastos, and many perished. - Kaiechos39 years
During his reign, the bulls, Apis in Memphis and Meneus in Heliopolis, and the Mendesian goat were deemed to be gods. - Binothris47 years
During his reign, it was decreed that women might possess the privilege of royalty. - Tlas17 years
- Sethenes41 years
- Chaires17 years
- Nephercheres25 years
There is a story that during his reign, the Nile flowed mixed with honey for eleven days. - Sesochris48 years
He was five cubits high and three cubits wide.14 - Cheneres30 years
- Total302 years
Total years of the 1st and 2nd dynasties after the flood, according to the second edition16 of Africanus555 years
Second dynasty of nine kings
- The first was Bochos, during whose reign a chasm opened up at Boubastos, and many perished.
- A second Choos also succeeded him,16 in whose time both Apis and Mneuis, and the Mendesian goat as well, were deemed to be gods.
- Biophis, during whose reign it was decreed that women might also possess the privilege of royalty. Succeeding them were three others, during whose reigns nothing of note took place.17
- There is a story that during the seventh reign, the Nile flowed mixed with honey for eleven days.
-
After him, Sesochris48 years
In stature, he is reported to have been five cubits and three palms in height.18 - During the ninth reign, nothing worthy of mention occurred.
- These kings reigned for297 years
Total for the 1st and 2nd dynasties, according to the edition of Eusebios549 years
Second dynasty of nine kings
- First was Bovkʻos. During his reign an enormous fissure opened up in Bubastis and many people perished.
- Then Kēkʻovos, in whose reign Apis and Mnevis and the goat of Mendes was honoured as gods.19
- Then Biopʻis, during whose reign women got the right to rule as monarchs.
- After them three other kings ruled, but nothing noteworthy was accomplished during their reigns.
- During the reign of the seventh king, the fable-tellers say that the Nile flowed with honey mixed with its waters for eleven days.
-
Then Sesovkʻris 48 years
He is said to have been 5 cubits and 3 spans20 tall21. - Under the ninth, no deed worth remembering was accomplished.
- In total, reigned for 297 years
Second Dynasty Remarks
The nine kings are the same number as in the Turin king list, although the Abydos Canon only has six, while the Saqqara Canon has eight. The individual reigns of Africanus add up to 302 years, while Eusebius’ total adds to 297. When combining the first and second dynasties of Africanus, Syncellus calculated a total of 555 years (253 + 302). However, this is incorrect; the actual total is 565 years (263 + 302) due to the 10-year discrepancy in the First Dynasty. For Eusebius, he correctly give the combined total of 549 years (252 + 297).
Dynasty III
Third dynasty of nine kings of Memphis
-
The first of them is Necherophes28 years
In his reign, the Libyans revolted from the Egyptians; when the moon waxed unexpectedly, they surrendered out of panic. - Tosorthros29 years
Among the Egyptians, he is considered an Asklepios in recognition of his medical skill. The inventor of the art of building with hewn stone, he also pursued the craft of writing.22 - Tyreis7 years
- Mesochris17 years
- Soyphis16 years
- Tosertasis19 years
- Aches42 years
- Sephouris30 years
- Kerpheres26 years
- Total214 years
Total for these three dynasties, according to Africanus769 years
Third dynasty of eight kings of Memphis
- Necherochis, during whose reign the Libyans revolted from the Egyptians; when the sun waxed unexpectedly, they surrendered out of panic.
- Sesorthos was his successor,' who was called Asklepios by the Egyptians because of his medical skill. The inventor of the art of building with hewn stone, he also pursued the craft of writing.
- The remaining six accomplished nothing worthy of mention.
- These eight reigned a total of198 years
Total for the three dynasties, according to Eusebios747 years
Third dynasty of 8 kings of Memphis
- Nekʻerovkʻis. In his reign the Libyans revolted from the Egyptians, but when the moon unexpectedly grew in size,23 they were moved by fear and went back into service [to the Egyptians].
- Sesortʻos. He was called Askłēpios by the Egyptians because of his skill in medicine. He discovered methods of building with hewn stone, and also was interested in writing.
- The other six kings achieved nothing worthy of mention.24
- In total, reigned for 197 years
Third Dynasty Remarks
Africanus provides details for nine kings of the Third Dynasty, but Eusebius only for two, dismissing the remaining six as insignificant. Eight or nine kings for the Third Dynasty conflicts with both archaeological findings and the major New Kingdom king lists, which only support 4-5 kings reigning for less than a century total. The duration of both authors is considered inflated. Eusebius only give details of two kings, noting that “The remaining six kings achieved nothing worthy of mention”, and the Armenian version give no total for the first three dynasties. The nine kings of Manetho’s Third Dynasty does not agree with the archaeological record, nor with the main New Kingdom king lists, which only support 4-5 kings reigning for less than 100 years, not the seemingly inflated total of 214 years of Africanus.
According to Africanus, the total sum for the First through Third dynasties amount to 769 years (253+302+214), however the correct sum is 779 (263+302+214). Again, the Armenian translation omits a combined total, suggesting that this was not present in the original Eusebius, but was added by Syncellus.
Dynasty IV
Fourth dynasty of eight kings of Memphis, from another line
- Soris29 years
- Souphis63 years
He erected the Great Pyramid, which Herodotos says was built under Cheops.25 He also became disdainful of the gods, and composed the Sacred Book. This I acquired when I was in Egypt, because it was a great treasure.26 - Souphis66 years
- Mencheres63 years
- Rhatoises25 years
- Bicheris22 years
- Sebercheres7 years
- Thamphthis9 years
- Total274 years27
Total for the 4 dynasties after the flood, according to Africanus1046 years28
Fourth dynasty of 17 kings of Memphis, from another royal line
- The third of them was Souphis, who erected the Great Pyramid, which Herodotos states was built under Cheops. He also became disdainful of the gods. And when he repented, he composed the Sacred Book, which the Egyptians esteem as a great treasure. Of the rest, nothing worthy of mention has been recorded.
- They reigned for448 years
Total for the four dynasties after the flood, according to Eusebios1195 years
Fourth dynasty of 17 kings of Memphis, from another line
- Supʻis was the third monarch. He built the largest pyramid, the one Herodotus claims were built by Kʻeop who at one time had been hostile toward the gods, but he repented and wrote a sacred book which the Egyptians hold in great esteem.
- Nothing noteworthy has been recorded about any of the other kings.
- In total, reigned for 448 years
Fourth Dynasty Remarks
The eight kings is the same number of kings present in the Turin king list, but the Abydos Canon only have six, while the Saqqara Canon gives nine. This is a clear indication that the New Kingdom records of the first dynasties were corrupted, which would explain the confused records in Manetho a thousand years later. The sum for the individual reigns amount to 284 years, not 277 as stated by Africanus (emending the 274 years of MS A to 277, following MS B).
According to Africanus, the first four dynasties ruled for a total of 1046 years; however, the actual number for the individual reigns is 1063, a discrepancy of 17.
According to Eusebios, the first four dynasties ruled for a total of 1195 years; however, the actual number for the individual reigns is 1201, a discrepancy of 6.
Dynasty V
Fifth dynasty of eight kings from Elephantine
- Ousercheres28 years
- Sephres13 years
- Nephercheres20 years
- Sisires7 years
- Cheres20 years
- Rhathoures44 years
- Mencheres9 years
- Tancheres44 years
- Onnos33 years
- Total248 years29
Together with the aforementioned 1046 years of the first four dynasties, this makes1294 years
Fifth dynasty of 31 kings from Elephantine
- The first of them was Othoes: he was murdered by his bodyguard.
- The fourth was Phiops, who succeeded to rule at age six and reigned up to his100th year
Together with the aforementioned 1195 years of the first four dynasties, there are, therefore1295 years
Fifth dynasty of 31 kings of Elephantine
- Otʻios was the first king. He was murdered by his servants.
- Phiops, the fourth king, who was six years old at the beginning of his reign lived to be one hundred.
Fifth Dynasty Remarks
Eusebius’ fifth dynasty kings actually belong to the sixth, and Eusebius simply added 100 years for this dynasty in the total with the previous dynasties. This suggests that the epitomator misread, misunderstood, or accidentally skipped to the subsequent dynasty while copying the text.
The summation have 8 kings ruling for 248 years, however, this is contradicted by listing 9 kings – the same number of kings present in Turin king list. The Abydos and Saqqara canons each contain 8 kings, albeit with differing names. The reign total sum amount to 218 years, not 248 as stated. According to Africanus, the total sum for the kings of the First through Fifth dynasties amount to 1294 years (1046+248), however the correct sum is 1281 (1063+218).
These differences is a clear indication that even the New Kingdom sources were corrupted.
Dynasty VI
Sixth dynasty of six kings of Memphis
- Othoes30 years
He was murdered by his bodyguard. - Phios53 years
- Methousouphis7 years
- Phiops, whose reign began at the age of 6, ruled continuously up to his100th year30
- Menthesouphis1 year
- Nitokris, the most noble and comely woman of her time, fair in complexion. She built the third pyramid and reigned for12 years
These 203 years, together with the 1294 years of the first five dynasties mentioned above, give a total of1497 years
Sixth dynasty
- A woman Nitokris was queen, the most noble and comely woman of her time. Possessed of a fair complexion, she is also said to have built the third pyramid.
-
These [rulers] reigned for 3 years
in another copy203 years
Together with the aforementioned 1295 years of the first five dynasties, there are1498 years
It should be noted how much less accurate Eusebius is than Africanus in the number of kings he gives, in the omission of names, and in the
dates, although he repeats Africanus' account practically in the same words.
Sixth dynasty
- A woman by the name of Nitovkris ruled next. It is said that she was braver than any man of her day and more beautiful than any woman, fair haired with a ruddy complexion; of her it is said that she built the third pyramid which is [like] a heap [of wheat] in the shape of a hill.
- They reigned for 203 years
Sixth Dynasty Remarks
The sum of the individual reigns is 197, however, Phiops “whose reign began at the age of 6, ruled continuously up to his hundredth year”, was calculated as 100 instead of 94. The Turin king list detail 13 sequential kings of the Sixth Dynasty without any indication of a dynastic break between the Sixth and Eleventh dynasties. At the same place, the Abydos Canon contain the names of 23 kings, while the Saqqara Canon only have 4. This further reinforce that the New Kingdom records were corrupted, or at the very least, incomplete.
Following the summation in column 4.26 of the Turin King List, the Sixth Dynasty is documented in columns 5.1-5.13. The records indicate that 13 kings were in power in succession before a four-row summation of the preceding periods. The juxtaposition of the Abydos Canon and, to a lesser extent, the Saqqara Canon with the Turin King List yields the following sequences of kings:
No. | Abydos | Saqqara | Turin | Reign | Manetho | Years |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | tti | tti | lacuna | x years, 6 months, 21 days | Othoēs | 30 |
2 | wsr-kꜢ-rꜤ | — | lacuna | |||
3 | mry-rꜤ | ppy | lacuna | 20 | Phios | 53 |
4 | mr.n-rꜤ | mr.n-rꜤ | lacuna | 44 | Methousouphis | 7 |
5 | nfr-kꜢ-rꜤ | nfr-kꜢ-rꜤ | lacuna | 90+x | Phiops | 94 |
6 | mr.n-rꜤ nmty.m-sꜢf | — | lacuna | 1 year, 1 month | Menthesouphis | 1 |
7 | nṯr.i-kꜢ-rꜤ | — | nt-iḳr-ti zꜢ-ptḥ | Nitōkris | 12 | |
8 | nfr-kꜢ-rꜤ ppy-snb | — | nfr-kꜢ ẖrd | |||
9 | snfr-kꜢ-Ꜥnw | — | nfr | |||
10 | ḳꜢ-kꜢw-rꜤ | — | ibi | 2 years, 1 month, 1 day | ||
11 | nfr-kꜢ.w-rꜤ | — | lacuna | 4 years, 2 months, 0 days | ||
12 | nfr-kꜢw-ḥr | — | lacuna | 2 years, 1 month, 1 day | ||
13 | nfr-ir-kꜢ-rꜤ | — | lacuna | 1 year and a half month |
According to Africanus, the total sum for the kings of the First through Sixth dynasties amount to 1497 years, however the correct sum is 1484. Eusebius gives the total 1498 years, but the correct sum is 1504. The summation for the same six dynasties in the Turin king list give a total of 955 years, and only 13 kings from Teti to the Ninth Dynasty kings.
The administrative records from the First Intermediate Period appear to have suffered greatly, whether as a result of conflict or just bad luck, as even Manetho failed to piece together the disjointed parts into a cohesive chronology. However, it is impossible to rule out that an epitomator misinterpreted the whole section of the narrative and caused mayhem.
Dynasty VII
Seventh dynasty of 70 kings of Memphis
These reigned for 70 days
Seventh dynasty of five kings of Memphis
These reigned for 75 days
Seventh dynasty of five kings from Memphis
reigned for 75 years
Seventh Dynasty Remarks
The high number of kings and dynasties during the First Intermediate Period suggests that an Epitome redactor may have misunderstood or distorted the summation(s) for the rival kings of Memphis and Herakleopolis that followed the Sixth Dynasty. The limited archaeological evidence appears to support the existence of only one Memphite and one Herakleopolite dynasty.
The figure of 70 kings for 70 days as presented by Africanus is, of course, untenable. It is likely that this was the result of a misunderstanding or error on the part of the copyist. The figure of 75 days as presented by Eusebius is probably simply a copying error, exchanging 'days' for 'years', as preserved in the Armenian translation. The conflicting numbers is a clear indication that more than one version of an epitomised Aegyptiaka was in circulation in antiquity.
Dynasty VIII
Eighth dynasty of 27 kings of Memphis
These reigned for146 years
Together with the aforementioned years, there are for these eight dynasties1639 years31
Eighth dynasty of five kings of Memphis
These reigned for100 years
Together with the aforementioned years, there are for these eight dynasties1598 years
Eighth dynasty of five kings from Memphis
who reigned for 100 years.
Eighth Dynasty Remarks
The preserved summation “together with the aforementioned years (1294), there are 1639 years for these eight dynasties” is incorrectly calculated. The erroneous sum of Africanus for those eight dynasties comes to 1643 (1497+146), curiously 4 years more than the preserved numbers, and ignores the Seventh Dynasty completely. Furthermore, the correct sum for the first eight dynasties come to 1630 (1484+146), more evidence of distorted records. Like the other summations for the FIP, the 27 kings recorded in the heading for this dynasty is probably corrupted too.
Dynasty IX
Ninth dynasty of 19 kings of Herakleopolis
These reigned for409 years
The first of them was Achthoes. Harsher than his predecessors, he caused hardship for the people of all Egypt. But he later succumbed to madness and was killed by a crocodile.
Ninth dynasty of four kings of Herakleopolis
These reigned for100 years
The first of them was Achthoes. Harsher than his predecessors, he caused hardship in all of Egypt. But he later succumbed to madness and was killed by a crocodile.
Ninth dynasty of 4 kings from Heracleopolis
who ruled for 100 years
The first of these Okʻtʻovis was more cruel than any of his predecessors, and worked crimes throughout the entire country of Egypt. Finally he succumbed to madness and was devoured by a crocodile.
Ninth Dynasty Remarks
The fact that two Herakleopolitan dynasties only contain the name of one king suggests a lacuna. There was probably some indication that the records had been corrupted or lost, which the epitomators mistook for another dynasty. The difference in the number of kings and years between Africanus and Eusebius for dynasties 9 and 10 is another clear indication that their epitomes differed substantially.
Dynasty X
Tenth dynasty of 19 kings of Herakleopolis
These reigned for185 years
Tenth dynasty of 19 kings of Herakleopolis
These reigned for185 years
Tenth dynasty of 19 kings from Heracleopolis
who reigned185 years
Tenth Dynasty Remarks
It seems likely that the epitomator(s) misunderstood the summation for the Herakleopolitan dynasty, and mistook it for a separate dynasty. Africanus give 19 + 19 kings for the two dynasties, while Eusebius give 4 + 19 kings. The number of years also differ, and It stands to reason that the an epitomator misinterpreted a summation of the Herakleopolitan Dynasty and multiplied it as a new dynasty, substantiated by the same number of kings (19) for both dynasties, with no names mentioned.
Dynasty XI
Eleventh dynasty of 16 kings of Diospolis
- These reigned for43 years
- Next after these, Ammenemes16 years
At this point, Manetho concluded his first book.
Total 192 kings2300 years
70 days
Eleventh dynasty of 16 kings of Diospolis
- These reigned for43 years
- Next after these, Ammenemes16 years
At this point, Manetho has concluded his first book.
Total 192 kings2300 years
79 days32
Eleventh dynasty of 16 kings from Diospolis
- who ruled for 43 years
- After them, Ammenemēs 16 years
Manetho's first book concludes here.
In total: 192 kings 2300 years
Eleventh Dynasty Remarks
Sixteen kings ruling 43 years is clearly another error by the redactor of the epitome. Yet another indication is that Ammenemes was king Ammenemes was not included in the Eleventh or Twelfth dynasties, but rather as an intermediary between the two. Africanus presents a summation of Manetho’s first book at this point, stating that a total of 192 kings had ruled the kingdom for 2300 years and 70 days. These numbers are problematic. If we add the number of kings recorded in each dynasty heading, including the 70 kings of the Seventh Dynasty, the total is 200. If we count the individual kings recorded, the total is 201. The total sum of years for the individual kings is 2259, while the total from the dynasty headings is 2280.
Dyn. | Africanus | Eusebius | Armenian | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kings | Reigns | Total | Kings | Reigns | Total | Kings | Reigns | |
I | 8 | 253 | 253 | 8 | 252 | 252 | 8 | 258 |
II | 9 | 302 | 555 | 9 | 297 | 549 | 9 | 297 |
III | 9 | 214 | 769 | 8 | 198 | 747 | 8 | 197 |
IV | 8 | 277 | 1046 | 17 | 448 | 1195 | 17 | 448 |
V | 8 | 248 | 1294 | 31 | 100 | 1295 | 31 | — |
VI | 6 | 203 | 1497 | — | 203 | 1498 | — | 203 |
VII | 70 | — | — | 5 | — | — | 5 | 75 |
VIII | 27 | 146 | 1639 | 5 | 100 | 1598 | 5 | 100 |
IX | 19 | 409 | 2048 | 4 | 100 | 1698 | 4 | 100 |
X | 19 | 185 | 2233 | 19 | 185 | 1883 | 19 | 185 |
XI | 16 | 43 | 2276 | 16 | 43 | 1926 | 16 | 43 |
– | 1 | 16 | 2292 | 1 | 16 | 1942 | 1 | 16 |
Total given | 192 | — | 2300 | 192 | — | 2300 | 192 | 2300 |
Actual total | 200 | 2296 | 123 | 1942 | 123 | 1922 | ||
According to modern Egyptology, some 90 kings reigned from the First through Eleventh dynasties (approximately 1100 years). The figures by Africanus for dynasties 7-10 are in all likelihood based on a misunderstanding of the text. It is clear that the Seventh Dynasty is a mistake. The line of kings of Memphis continued rule past the Sixth Dynasty - this could be the 27 kings of Africanus’ Eighth Dynasty. According to Africanus, the next two dynasties were Herakleopolitan, both with 19 kings. It seems probable that the redactor mistook the summation of the Eighth Dynasty and erroneously created a duplicate of the dynasty. The corresponding dynasty in the Turin king list holds 18 kings (5.18-6.9).
Disregarding the duplicated dynasties, Africanus recorded 49 kings from the First through Sixth dynasties, 27 kings of the Memphite Eighth Dynasty, and 19 kings of the Herakleopolitan Ninth Dynasty, and finally, 16 kings of the Eleventh Dynasty, for a total of 111 kings. The 16 kings of the Eleventh Dynasty is an aberration, as contemporary sources show that only seven kings reigned in this dynasty. Removing the 9 extraneous kings, would bring the total down to 102 kings.
Dynasty XII
[according to Africanus]
Twelfth dynasty of seven kings of Diospolis
- Sesonchosis, son of Ammanemes46 years
- Ammanemes38 years
He was murdered by his personal eunuchs. - Sesostris48 years
He subjugated all Asia in nine years, and the regions of Europe as far as Thrace, erecting monuments everywhere describing the character of the nations [that he subdued]. For the heroic nations, he engraved male genitalia on pillars; for the ignoble nations, female genitalia.33 As a result of his acts, he was considered by the Egyptians first in rank after Osiris. - Lachares8 years
He constructed the labyrinth in the nome of Arsinoe as a tomb for himself. - Ameres8 years
- Ammenemes8 years
- Skemiophris, his sister4 years
- Total160 years
[according to Eusebios]
Twelfth dynasty of seven kings of Diospolis
-
First of them was Sesonchosis, son of Ammenemes, who reigned for46 years
- Ammanemes38 years
He was murdered by his personal eunuchs. - Sesostris48 years
He is said to have been four cubits, three palms, and two fingers' breadths [in height]. He subjugated all Asia in nine years, and the regions of Europe as far as Thrace, erecting everywhere monuments of his conquest of the nations. For the heroic nations, he engraved male genitalia on pillars; for the ignoble nations, female genitalia. As a result of his acts, he was considered by the Egyptians first in rank after Osiris. -
After him, Lamaris8 years
He constructed the labyrinth in the nome of Arsinoe as a tomb for himself. - His successors reigned for42 years
- Total years of their reigns245 years34
From second book of Manetho
Twelfth dynasty of seven kings from Diospolis
- Sesonkʻovsis, son of Ammenemes
46 years - Ammenemēs 38 years
He was killed by his own eunuchs. - Sēsovstris48 years
Supposedly he was 4 cubits, 3 palms and 2 digits tall. He conquered all of Asia in nine years, as well as Europe as far as Thrace. Everywhere he erected monuments to show his control over the nations; he depicted men's genitals on the columns for brave nations, and women's genitals for cowardly nations. Therefore, the Egyptians evaluated him as coming after Osiris. - Łamparēs8 years
He built the labyrinth at Arsinoe as his own tomb. - His successors ruled for 42 years
- In total they reigned for 245 years
Twelfth Dynasty Remarks
According to Africanus and Eusebius both, seven kings belong to Dynasty 12. While Africanus name all seven, Eusebius only name the first four. This is a clear indication that the epitome used by Africanus was more complete. The summation of Eusebius also give a total of 245 years for the dynasty, while the total of the four named kings amount to 170, with no account of the last three kings. Perhaps the epitomator of Eusebius did not understand that there were multiple kings named Amenemhat and Senusret, rejecting similar names as a copying error. The redactor of the Epitome failed to understand that Manetho’s narrative contained not only four kings named Amenemmes, and three kings named Sestoris, but most of them also had coregencies with their sons. This confusion of the identity of the kings and their reigns resulted in disarray – from Ammenemes to Skemiophris.
The Turin King List (col. 7.3) provides a duration of 213 years, 1 month, 17 days for eight kings.
Dynasty XIII
Thirteenth dynasty of 60 kings of Diospolis
These reigned for453 yearsThirteenth dynasty of 60 kings of Diospolis
These reigned for453 yearsThe Thirteenth dynasty of 60 kings of Diospolis
who reigned for453 yearsSecond Intermediate Period Remarks
Lasted c. 250 years (1800-1550 BC) Attempting to make sense of the SIP in Manetho. The summations for the SIP are very hard to attempt to understand, but let us try. The discrepancies between Africanus and Eusebius indicate that the epitomes employed by the two authors could not have been identical. This also demonstrates that the epitomators did not fully comprehend Manetho's original text. It is uncertain whether Manetho was aware that some dynasties were contemporary, or how much documentation from this period had survived to his time.
Dynasty | Kings | Africanus | Years | Kings | Eusebius | Years |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
XII | 7 | 7 kings at Thebes | 160 | 7 | 7 kings at Thebes | 182 |
XIII | 60 | 60 kings at Thebes | 453 | 60 | 60 kings at Thebes | 453 |
XIV | 76 | 76 kings at Xoïs | 184 | 76 | 76 kings at Xoïs | 184 |
XV | 6 | 6 foreign kings | 284 | 4 | 4 shepherd kings at Memphis | 103 |
XVI | 32 | 32 shepherd kings | 518 | 5 | 5 kings at Thebes | 190 |
XVII | 43 | 43 Theban kings | 151 | Kings at Thebes | 250 | |
– | 224 | 1750 | 152 (+ x) | 1362 |
It seems probable that Manetho had access to a newer version of the Turin King List created several generations later than the one that exists today. This newer document must have been even more riddled with lacunae and, which would have become even more evident by the time of Manetho.
Dynasty | Kings | Turin King List remarks | Preserved reigns |
---|---|---|---|
XII | 8 | H3-S5 (6.19-7.3): 8 kings | 213 years 1 month 17 days |
XIII | 51 | H4-S7 (7.4-8.19) : 51 rows of kings | 453 |
XIV | 50 | 9.1-S8 (10.21) : 50 rows of kings | 184 |
XV | 6 | H5–S9 (10.22-10.29) : [Total:] 6 [rulers] of foreign lands | (140/160/180) + x |
XVI | 15 | H6-S10 (10.30-11.15) : 15 kings | 59 + x |
– | 16 | 11.16-11.31 (the end of the papyrus) |
The SIP in the New Kingdom Turin King List encompasses a minimum of 146 kings. However, the lower section of the last column is too fragmentary to be connected with kings of any dynasty, so the exact number is unknown, but is likely to be considerably below 200.
Thirteenth Dynasty Remarks
The 453 years figure for this dynasty is clearly excessive, probably a simple copying error, and should probably be emended down to 153. The figures given for the Second Intermediate Period as a whole were likely due to a redactor not understanding the text. According to Africanus, the SIP looks like this:
------------------------------------------------------
Dynasty 13: 60 kings of Thebes for 453 years
Dynasty 14: 76 kings of Xois for 184 years
Dynasty 15: 6 foreign kings for 284 years
Dynasty 16: 32 shepherd kings for 518 years
Dynasty 17: 86 shepherd and Theban kings for 151 years ------------------------------------------------------
The sheer number of kings and length of the reigns shows that the texts of Manetho were not properly understood by the redactor. It could well be that there was a longer summation of all the kings up to this point, but the context was lost in translation, which would help explain the large number of kings attributed to this period. Perhaps the records available to Manetho was full of lacunae, just like the tattered Turin king list, and further distorted by an incorrect translation.
Dynasty XIV
Fourteenth dynasty of 76 kings of Xois
These reigned for184 years
Fourteenth dynasty of 76 kings of Xois, who reigned for 184 years
These reigned for 184 years, in another copy484 years
Fourteenth dynasty of 76 kings of Xois
who reigned for 484 years.
Fourteenth Dynasty Remarks
The figures for this dynasty by Eusebius are identical, though the Armenian version of Eusebius give 484 years for this dynasty, indicating some sort of corruption or perhaps just a simple copying error. The lower figure seems more plausible.
Dynasty XV
Fifteenth dynasty of shepherds
There were six foreign kings from Phoenicia, who also captured Memphis.
-
Their first king was Saites,
who reigned for19 years
The Salte none is named after him. They also built a city in the Sethroite nome, which they used as a base of operations when they subdued the Egyptians. - Bnon44 years
- Pachnan61 years
- Staan50 years
- Archles49 years
- Aphobis61 years
- Total284 years
Fifteenth dynasty of kings of Diospolis
These reigned for 250 years
Fifteenth dynasty of kings of Diospolis
who reigned for 250 years
Fifteenth Dynasty Remarks
Eusebius place these kings in his seventeenth dynasty. Placed here for the sake of comparision with Africanus.
1. Eusebius place these kings in his seventeenth dynasty. The the two dynasties were likely interchanged.
2. from Eusebius’ 17th dynasty: foreign kings from Phoenicia who seized Memphis, 103 years
3. Armenian Eusebius: Aphophis reigned before Arkhles.
According to Eusebius, this dynasty consisted of an unknown number of Theban kings, and the foreign kings recorded by Africanus instead appeared as his 17th dynasty.
Dynasty XVI
Sixteenth dynasty of 32 additional shepherd kings
They reigned for 518 years
Sixteenth dynasty of five kings of Thebes
These reigned for 190 years
Sixteenth dynasty of 5 kings of Thebes
who ruled for 190 years
Sixteenth Dynasty Remarks
The large figure of years points to a misunderstanding of a summation by the copyist of the epitome, creating an extraneous dynasty in the process.
Dynasty XVII
Seventeenth dynasty of 43 additional shepherd kings, and kings of Theban Diospolis, 43 in number
Total for the reigns of the shepherds and Theban kings is151 years
Seventeenth dynasty, they were shepherds and brothers, foreign kings from Phoenicia, who also seized Memphis
- Saites, the first of them, reigned for19 years
From him the Saite nome also received its name. They also built a city in the Sethroite nome, which they used as a base of operations when they subdued the Egyptians. - Bnon40 years
- Aphophis14 years
- After him, Archles30 years'
- Total103 years
Around their time, Joseph was appointed king of the Egyptians.
It should be noted how Eusebios, to suit his own purpose, states that the kings who, according to Africanus' report, belonged to the 15th dynasty were part of the 17th dynasty. For it is agreed by all that Joseph was ruler of Egypt at the time of Aphophis.2 And as Eusebios was not at all able to put him during the reign of some other king, he transferred Aphophis from the 15th to the 17th dynasty. And he cut short the actual sixty-one years of his rule down to thirty,' presented the 151 years of the whole dynasty as 103 years, and instead of six kings gave only four.2
Seventeenth dynasty, a dynasty of shepherds who were Phoenician brothers, foreign kings who took Memphis.
- Saitēs was first, 19 years. The district of Saite was named after him. Then they established a city in the district of Sethroite from which they advanced and conquered the Egyptians.
- Bnon, second 40 years
- Arkʻłēs30 years
- Apʻovpʻis14 years
- In total103 years
Joseph seems to have appeared during the time of these kings.
Seventeenth Dynasty Remarks
According to Josephus, the Hyksos kings preceded the Eighteenth Dynasty kings. The information presented in the epitome used by Africanus was corrupted. This is evident by the creation of two distinct lineages of kings, which were then combined into a single entity, and the transfer of an identical number of kings to both. Comparing the description of this dynasty by Africanus “43 additional shepherd kings, and 43 kings of Theban Diospolis, total reigns of the shepherds and Theban kings, 151 years” to Eusebius “they were shepherds and brothers, foreign kings from Phoenicia, who also seized Memphis”, it is clear that they had contradicting versions of the epitome, or the text was translated differently by their redactors.
Dynasty XVIII
Eighteenth dynasty of sixteen kings of Diospolis
- The first of them was Amos, during whose reign Moses went forth from Egypt, as we can prove. (But as our reckoning requires, it follows that in his reign Moses was still a young man.)
I am of the opinion that Africanus was unaware that his 'Amos' was also known as 'Amosis', identical as well with Tethmosis the son of Aseth, as will be shown.2 And we find that Misphragmouthosis, the sixth king in succession after him, is likewise called Amosis. But during the reign of this first Amosis (that is, Amnos according to Africanus), or four years before his rule, Moses was born, as has been shown, in AM 3732. During the reign of this second Amosis, also known as Misphragmouthosis, Moses went forth from Egypt with his people in AM 3812, his eightieth year.
The remaining kings of the eighteenth dynasty of Egypt who succeeded Amos the first king, in Africanus
- According to Africanus, the second king of the 18th dynasty was Chebros13 years
- The third was Amenophthis21 years'
- The fourth was Amensis22 years
- The fifth was Misaphris13 years
-
The sixth was Misphragmouthosis26 years
During his reign, the flood at the time of Deukalion occurred.
Total from Amos to2 the rule of Misphragmouthosis according to Africanus69 years
(Of the length of Amos' rule,
he said nothing at all.3)
Those remaining of the eighteenth dynasty after Misphragmouthosis, according to Africanus, as follows
- Touthmosis9 years
- Amenophis31 years
This is the one who is believed to be Memnon, a sounding stone.2 - Oros37 years
- Acherres32 years
- Rhathos 6 years
- Chebres12 years
- Acherres12 years
- Armesis5 years
- Rhamesses1 year
- Amenophath19 years
- Total263 years
Eighteenth dynasty of fourteen kings of Diospolis3
- The first of them was Amosis25 years
Before this Amosis, Eusebios erroneously made Aphophis the fourth and last ruler of the 17th dynasty, during whose reign there is universal agreement that Joseph was ruler of Egypt. According to him, he was king for fourteen years, even though all Eusebios' predecessors affirm that he reigned for sixty-one years. For by his illogical thinking–I dare not call it 'logic'–Ainosis preceded Moses and the Exodus by as many years. And Africanus also attests that Aphophis the sixth king in the 15th dynasty reigned over Egypt for sixty-one years.
Now if there is an apparent excess of years from Aphophis up to Amosis, this is the fault of disagreement among the Egyptians, since this is the way I found them in Manetho: for eighty years are more than the years from Joseph to Moses.
The remaining kings of the eighteenth dynasty of Egypt, who succeeded the first king Amosis, in Eusebios
- The second was Chebron13 years
- Ammenophis21 years
- Miphres12 years
- Misphragmouthosis26 years
Altogether from Amosis, the first king of this 18th dynasty, down to the rule of Misphragmouthosis, there are, according to Eusebios,71 years
And there are five kings instead of six. For by omitting the fourth king Amenses, mentioned by Africanus, as well as everyone else,
he thereby cut out the twenty-two years of his reign.
Those remaining of the eighteenth dynasty after Misphragmouthosis, according to Eusebios as follows
- Touthmosis 9 years
- Amenophis31 years
This is the king believed to be Memnon, a sounding stone. - Oros36 years,
in another copy38 years6 - Achencherses12 years7
- Athoris39 years
- Chencheres16 years1
About this time, Moses led the departure of the Jews from Egypt.2
Only Eusebios states that the Exodus of Israel under Moses occurred during his reign. For no argument supports him; rather all his predecessors oppose it, as he attests.
- Acherres8 years
- Cherres15 years
- Armais, also known as Danaos5 years
After this, he was banished from Egypt and fleeing from his brother Aigyptos arrived in Greece. After seizing control of Argos, he ruled over the Argives. - Rhamesses, also known as Aigyptos68 years
- Menophis40 years
- Total348 years3
At the 18th dynasty, Eusebios adds 85 years more than Africanus.
Eighteenth dynasty of 14 kings from Diospolis
- Amovsēs25 years
- Kʻebron13 years
- Amovpʻis21 years
- Mempʻrēs12 years
- Miwspʻarmutʻovsis26 years
- Tutʻmovsis9 years
- Amnovpʻis31 years
He is the one believed to be Memnon, the talking statue. - Ovros38 years
- Akʻenkʻērēs16 years In his reign, Moses as general of the Jews, took them out of Egypt.
- Akʻeṙēs8 years
- Kʻeṙēs15 years
- Armayis also called Danaos, 5 years Afterwards he was expelled from Egypt, and fled from his brother Aegyptus to Greece. He captured Argos and became king of the Argives.
- Ṙamessēs also called Egiptos, 68 years
- Amenovpʻis 40 years
- In total, reigned for 348 years
Eighteenth Dynasty Remarks
The redactor(s) of the Epitome did not understand that not only had this dynasty four kings named Amenhotep, but also four kings named Thutmose. The similarity of the names made it very difficult to separete the names from each other, especially if coregencies were also mentioned. The individual reigns add up to 262 years, not 263 as per Africanus, and curiously there is no reign mentioned for the first king. Also included is a subtotal: Total 69 years from Amos to Misphragmouthosis, however, the sum of these four reigns is 72. Goar emended Amenophthis’ 24 years to 21 to account for the discrepancy, probably based on the 21 years assigned to this king by Eusebius. This subtotal suggest the presence of a summation, or perhaps a longer narrative. Further indication that the epitomators misinterpreted the text is that at the end of the list we find what can only be Ramesses II and Merenptah of the next dynasty.
Egyptologists long have tried to reconcile the names of the four kings in 10-13 with the obscure Amarna kings, but there are too many discrepancies and inconsistencies to be conclusive. Josephus did not indicate a dynastic break in his list of the kings, but many of the names he supplied are spelled differently from Africanus and Eusebius. The order of kings is identical, however only Josephus indicate that Amesses and Akenkheres were actually Queens. All this, once again, suggest multiple and differing versions of Aegyptiaca.
Ruler | Jos. | Afr. | Eus. | Arm. | Sothis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Amosis | 25 | — | 25 | 25 | 25 |
Chebron | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 | 13 |
Amenophis | 21 | 21* | 21 | 21 | 15 |
Amesses | 22 ♀ | 22 | — | — | 11 |
Mephres | 13 | 13 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
Mephramuthosis | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 | 16 |
Summation Chebron to Mephramuthosis | — | 69 | 71* | — | — |
Thmosis | 10 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 39 |
Amenophis | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 34 |
Orus | 36 | 37 | 36/38 | 28 | 48 |
Acencheres | 12 ♀ | 32 | 12 | 16 | 25 |
Rathotis | 9 | 6 | 39 | — | 29 |
Acencheres (I) | 12 | 12 | 16 | — | 25 |
Acencheres (II) | 12 | 12 | 8 | — | 8 or 30 |
[Cherres] | — | — | 15 | 15 | — |
Armais | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 9 |
Rhamesses | 1 | 1 | — | 68 | — |
Ramesses Miamun | 66 | — | — | — | 68 |
Amenophis | 19 | 19 | 40 | 40 | 8 |
Despite a few obvious errors, Manetho's versions provide a remarkable level of concordance given the multiple copies generated through centuries of transmission. Most names have little resemblance to the names belonging to the rulers of the Eighteenth Dynasty. Attempts to match Manetho's rulers are far from convincing, as the Greek transcription of names necessitates doubtful linguistic acrobatics.
Things to consider: Amenhotep IV name change to Akhenaten could mean that Manetho added both names as separate kings in his list. Perhaps there was a failed attempt to establish a king opposing Akhenaten of which no archaeological record remain, yet were preserved by Manetho?
Dynasty XIX
Nineteenth dynasty of six kings of Diospolis
- Ethos51 years
- Rhapsakes61 years
- Amenephthes20 years
- Rhamesses60 years
- Ammenemnes5 years
- Thouoris, who in Homer is called Polybos, husband of Alkandra,2 and during whose reign Ilion was taken7 years
- Total 209 years3
In the above second book of Manetho, there is a total of 96 kings, ruling for 2121 years4
Nineteenth dynasty of five kings of Diospolis
- Sethos 55 years
- Rhampses 66 years
- Ammenephthis 40 years4
- Ammenemes 26 years
- Thouoris, who in Homer is called Polybos, husband of Alkandra, and in whose reign Ilion was taken 7 years
- Total 194 years
In the above second book of Manetho, there is a total of 92 kings 1121 years'
Nineteenth dynasty of 5 kings from Diospolis
- Sētʻovs55 years
- Ṙampʻsēs66 years
- Amenepʻtʻis8 years
- Ammenemēs26 years
- Tʻuovris7 years. Homer calls him Polybos, the husband of Alcandra. In his reign Troy was captured.
- In total, reigned for 194 years
In sum, the second book of Manetho contains 92 kings who reigned for a total of 2121 years
Nineteenth Dynasty Remarks
TBD
Dynasty XX
according to Africanus
Twentieth dynasty of twelve kings of Diospolis
These reigned for 135 years
according to Eusebios
Twentieth dynasty of twelve kings of Diospolis
These reigned for 178 years
Armenian translation of Eusebios
Twentieth Dynasty of 12 kings from Diospolis
who reigned for 172 years
Twentieth Dynasty Remarks
TBD
Dynasty XXI
Twenty-first dynasty of seven kings of Tanis
- Smendes26 years
- Psousennes46 years
- Nephelcheres4 years
- Amenophthis9 years
- Osochor6 years
- Psinaches9 years
- Psousennes14 years
- Total130 years1
Twenty-first dynasty of 7 kings of Tanis
- Smendis26 years
- Psousennes41 years
- Nephercheres4 years
- Amenophthis9 years
- Osochor6 years
- Psinaches9 years
- Psousennes35 years
- Total130 years
Twenty-first dynasty of 7 kings from Tanis
- Smēndis26 years
- Pʻsusēnnos41 years
- Nepʻērkʻērēs4 years
- Amenovpʻtʻis9 years
- Osovkʻor6 years
- Pʻsinnakʻēs9 years
- Pʻsovsēnnēs35 years
- In total, reigned for 130 years
Twenty-first Dynasty Remarks
TBD
Dynasty XXII
Twenty-second dynasty of nine kings of Boubastis
- Sesonchis 21 years
- Osorthon 25 years
- 3-5. Three others 25 years
- Takelothis 13 years
- 7-9. Three others 42 years
- Total 120 years2
Twenty-second dynasty of three kings of Boubastis
- Sesonchosis 21 years
- Osorthon 15 years
- Takelothis 13 years
- Total 49 years
Twenty-second dynasty of 3 kings from Bubastis
- Sēsonkʻusis21 years
- Osortʻovs15 years
- Takēłovtʻis13 years
- In total, reigned for 49 years
Twenty-second Dynasty Remarks
TBD
Dynasty XXIII
Twenty-third dynasty of four kings of Tanis
- Petoubates 40 years
During his reign, the Olympic games were held. - Osorcho 8 years
The Egyptians call him Herakles. - Psammous 10 years
- Zet 31 years3
- Total 89 years
Twenty-third dynasty of three kings of Tanis
- Petoubastis25 years
- Osorthon9 years
The Egyptians called him Herakles. - Psammous10 years
- Total44 years
Twenty-third dynasty of 3 kings from Tanis
- Petubastis25 years
- Osortʻon whom the Egyptians called Heracles, 9 years
- Pʻsamus10 years
- In total, reigned for 44 years
Twenty-third Dynasty Remarks
TBD
Dynasty XXIV
Twenty-fourth dynasty
- Bochchoris of Sais 6 years
During his reign a lamb spoke
990 years1
Twenty-fourth dynasty
- Bochchoris of Sais44 years
During his reign a lamb spoke. - Total44 years
Twenty-fourth dynasty
- Bokkʻovris from Sais, 44 years
In his reign, a lamb spoke.
Twenty-forth Dynasty Remarks
TBD
Dynasty XXV
Twenty-fifth dynasty of three Ethiopian kings
- Sabakon, who, after taking Bochchoris captive, burned him alive.
He reigned for8 years - Sebichos, his son 14 years
- Tarkos 18 years
- Total 40 years
Twenty-fifth dynasty of Ethiopian kings
- Sabakon, who, after taking Bochchoris captive, burned him alive;
he reigned for12 years - Sebichos, his son 12 years
- Tarakos 20 years
- Total 44 years
Twenty-fifth dynasty of three Ethiopian kings
- Sapakovn, who captured Bokkovris and burnt him alive, ruled for 12 years
- Sebikʻovs, his son 12 years
- Tarakos 20 years
- In total, reigned for 44 years
Twenty-fifth Dynasty Remarks
TBD
Dynasty XXVI
Twenty-sixth dynasty of nine kings of Sais
- Stephinates 7 years
- Nechepsos 6 years
- Nechao 8 years
- Psammetichos 54 years
- Nechao II 6 years
He captured Jerusalem and led king Joachaz captive into Egypt. - Another Psammouthis 6 years
- Ouaphris 19 years
The remnant of the Jews fled to him when Jerusalem was captured by the Assyrians. - Amosis 44 years
- Psammecherites 6 months
- Total 150 years
6 months
Twenty-sixth dynasty of nine kings of Sais
- Ammeris the Ethiopian 12 years
- Stephinathis 7 years
- Nechepsos 6 years
- Nechao 8 years
- Psammetichos 45 years1
- Nechao II 6 years
He seized Jerusalem and led king Joachaz captive into Egypt. - Another Psammouthis, also known as Psammetichos 17 years
- Ouaphris 25 years
The remnant of the Jews fled to him when Jerusalem was captured by the Assyrians. - Amosis 42 years
- Total 163 years1
Twenty-sixth Dynasty of nine Saite kings
- Amerēs the Ethiopian 12 years
- Stepʻinatʻis 7 years
- Nekʻepʻsovs 6 years
- Nekʻawov 8 years
- Pʻsametikʻos 44 years
- Nekʻawov II 6 years
He captured Jerusalem, and took king Jehoahaz back as a prisoner to Egypt. -
a second Pʻsamutʻēs
also known as Pʻsamētikʻos17 years - Vapʻrēs 25 years
The remaining Jews fled to him after Jerusalem had been captured by the Assyrians. - Amovsis 42 years
- In total : 167 years
Twenty-sixth Dynasty Remarks
TBD
Dynasty XXVII
Twenty-seventh dynasty of eight Persian kings
-
In the fifth year of his reign over the Persians, Kambyses became king of Egypt,
ruling for 6 years - Dareios, son of Hystaspes 36 years
- Xerxes the Great 21 years
- Artabanos 7 months
- Artaxerxes 41 years
- Xerxes 2 months
- Sogdianos 7 months
- Dareios, son of Xerxes 19 years
- Total 124 years
4 months
Twenty-seventh dynasty of eight Persian kings
- In the fifth year of his reign, Kambyses became king of Egypt, ruling for 3 years
- Magians7 months
- Dareios36 years
- Xerxes, son of Dareios 21 years
- Artaxerxes Longarm 40 years
- Xerxes II 2 months
- Sogdianos 7 months
- Dareios, son of Xerxes 19 years
- Total 120 years
4 months
Twenty-seventh dynasty of eight Persian kings
- Kambisēs in the 5th year of his reign, ruled the Egyptians for 3 years
- the Magi 7 months
- Darius 36 years
- Xerxes the son of Dareius, 21 years
- Artašēs 40 years
- Xerxes II 2 months
- Sogdianos 7 months
- Darius the son of Xerxes, 19 years
- In total 120 years
and 4 months
Twenty-seventh Dynasty Remarks
TBD
Dynasty XXVIII
Twenty-eighth dynasty
- Amyrteos of Sais 6 years
Twenty-eighth dynasty
- Amyrtaios of Sais 6 years
Twenty-eighth Dynasty
- Amiwrtēos of Sais 6 years
Twenty-eighth Dynasty Remarks
TBD
Dynasty XXIX
Twenty-ninth dynasty of four kings of Mendes
- Nepherites6 years
- Achoris13 years
- Psammouthis1 year
- Nephorites4 months
- Total 20 years
4 months
Twenty-ninth dynasty of four kings of Mendes
- Nepherites 6 years
- Achoris 13 years
- Psammouthis 1 year
- Nepherites 4 months
- Mouthis 1 year2
- Total 21 years
4 months
Twenty-ninth Dynasty of four kings of Mendes
- Nepʻēritēs 6 years
- Akʻovris 13 years
- Pʻsammutʻēs 1 year
- Mutʻēs 1 year
- Nepʻēritēs 4 months
- In total 21 years
and 4 months
Twenty-ninth Dynasty Remarks
TBD
Dynasty XXX
Thirtieth dynasty of three kings of Sebennytos
- Nektanebes 18 years
- Teos 2 years
- Nektanebos 18 years
- Total 38 years
Thirtieth dynasty of three kings of Sebennytos
- Nektanebes 10 years
- Teos 2 years
- Nektanebos 8 years
- Total 20 years
Thirtieth dynasty of three kings of Sebennytes
- Nektanebis 10 years
- Tewos2 years
- Nektanebos8 years
- In all 20 years
Thirtieth Dynasty Remarks
TBD
Dynasty XXXI
Thirty-first dynasty of three Persian kings'
- Ochos, in the twentieth year of his reign over the Persians, became king of Egypt,
ruling for2 years - Arses 3 years
- Dareios 4 years
Total in Book Three1 1050 years
Here ends the work of Manetho. Subsequent Egyptian chronology is based on Greek historians.
- Fifteen Macedonian kings.
Thirty-first dynasty of three Persian kings
- Ochos, in the twentieth year of his reign over the Persians, gained control of Egypt and
ruled for 6 years - After him, Arses son of Ochos 4 years
-
After him, Dareios 6 years
Alexander of Macedon put him to death.
This is from the third book of Manetho.
Here ends the work of Manetho. Subsequent Egyptian chronology is presented from Greek historians.
Thirty-first dynasty of three Persian kings
- Ovkʻos, in the twentieth year of his reign over the Persians, obtained Egypt for 6 years
- After him, Arsēs son of Ovkʻos 4 years
-
After him, Darius 6 years
Alexander of Macedon put him to death.
All this is from the third book of Manetho.
Thirt-first Dynasty Remarks
TBD
Bibliography
- Adler, William, and Paul Tuffin. 2002. The Chronography of George Synkellos. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Bedrosian, Robert. 2008. Eusebius of Caesarea, Chronicle book 1. Tertullian.org Accessed June 2024.
- Chetanian,Rose and Sydney H Aufrère. 2017. Manéthon dans la version arménienne de la Chronique d’Eusèbe de Césarée in Revue des études Arméniennes 37. pp. 37-71.
- Gardiner, Alan H., 1961. Egypt of the pharaohs. Oxford.
- Waddell, W. G. (ed.), 1940. Manetho. Reprint 1964. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Univ. Press.