The Sixteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt
The Sixteenth Dynasty only ruled over Upper Egypt. According to Africanus, 32 Grecian shepherds ruled for 518 years, while Eusebius writes that five kings of Thebes ruled for 190 years. The true number was probably only around 50 years. The dynasty was destroyed in the war against the Hyksos of the Fifteenth Dynasty, when Thebes was conquered.
| # | Pharaoh | Throne name | Also known as | Reign* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2 | Djehuty | Sekhemra Sementawy | 1649–1648 | |
| 3 | Sobekhotep VIII | Sekhemre Seusertawy Sobekhotep | 1645–1629 | |
| 4 | Neferhotep III | Sekhemra Sankhtawy | 1629 | |
| 5 | Mentuhotepi | Sankhenra | Sankhenre Mentuhotepi, Mentuhotep VII | 1628–1627 |
| 6 | Nebirau I | Sewadjenra | Nebiryraw I, Sewadjenre | 1627–1601 |
| 7 | Nebirau II | Nebiryraw II | 1601 | |
| 8 | Semenenra | 1601–1600 | ||
| 9 | Bebiankh | Seuserenra | Sewoserenre, Seuserenre | 1600–1588 |
| 10 | Sekhemra Shedwaset | 1588 | ||
| 11 | Dedumose I | Djedhotepra | Djedhotepre | |
| 12 | Dedumose II | Djedneferra | Djedneferre | |
| 13 | Mentuemsaf | Djedankhra | Djedankhre | |
| 14 | Mentuhotep VI | Merankhra | Merankhre | |
| 15 | Senusret IV | Seneferibra | Seneferibre |
Unplaced kings
| # | Pharaoh | Throne name | Also known as | Reign* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| — | Pepi III | Seneferankhra | Seneferankhre | |
| — | Nebmaatra | Nebmaatre | ||
| — | Anetjerira | |||
| — | Meribra | Meribre | ||
| — | Nubankhra | Nubankhre | ||
| — | Nikara II |
- Turin king list
223 kings – Dynasty 19 - Abydos Canon
76 kings – Dynasty 19 - Saqqara Canon
58 kings – Dynasty 19 - Karnak Canon
61 kings – Dynasty 18 - Comparing the canons
Abydos, Saqqara and Karnak - Ramesseum Canon
Ramesses II Mortuary Temple - Medinet Habu Canon
Ramesses III Mortuary Temple
Ancient historians
- Herodotus
450 BC – Histories - Manetho
250 BC – Aegyptiaca - Diodorus
50 BC – Bibliotheca Historica - Josephus
100 CE – Against Apion - Africanus
220 CE – Chronographai - Eusebius
325 CE – Chronicon - Jerome
380 CE – Chronicon - Syncellus
800 CE – Egloga Chronographai - Eratosthenes
Probably a forgery (date unknown) - Comparing the sources
Transmission of Manetho
by Africanus et. al.
OK – Old Kingdom
Dynasties 3-6
MK – Middle Kingdom
Dynasties 11-12
NK – New Kingdom
Dynasties 18-20
SIP – Second Intermediate Period
Dynasties 13-17
Thebes – The Southern capital
Memphis – The Northern capital
Epitome – Manetho’s original Aegyptiaca was lost in antiquity, and in the following centuries, it was replaced by Epitomes (summaries) by rivalling advocates of Jewish, Egyptian, and Greek history that saw each side trying to establish the truth according to their point of view.
Vorlage – From the German for prototype or template, a vorlage is a prior version of a manuscript, in this case an earlier version of the canon.
Recto and verso – Recto is the front side and verso is the back side of a written or printed text.
Cartouche – oval band enclosing a pharaohs name
Hieratic – cursive form of hieroglyphic script
Hyksos – Greek form of
Mortuary Temple – where the gods and the king who built the temple were worshipped.
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