Tutankhamun
| Also known as: Tutankhamon, King Tut, Tutankhamen, Tutankhaton | Dynasty XVIII |
In Amarna letter EA 9, the king of Babylon wrote to the pharaoh of Egypt. The name transliterates to Ni-ib-hu-ur-re-re-ia, which transcribes to Nib-khurre-reya, which probably is the Akkadian cuneiform rendition of Neb-kheperu-ra. This is still debated among Egyptologists, and could instead belong to his father, Akhenaten. However, Akkadian nib only transcribes Egyptian neb and never nefer, which means it can't belong to Akhenaten, whose throne name begins with Nefer-. The content of EA 9 itself fits better with Akhenaten though, so the identity can't be said to be final for sure.
| Reign of Tutankhamun | |
|---|---|
| AE Chronology | ?–1324 |
| von Beckerath | 1335–1325 |
| Shaw | 1336–1327 |
| Dodson | 1343–1333 |
| Malek | 1336–1327 |
| Arnold | 1348–1338 |
| Grimal | 1336–1327 |
| Redford | 1355–1346 |
| Manetho (Josephus) | 9 years |
| Manetho (Africanus) | 6 years |
| Manetho (Jerome) | 9 years |
| Highest attestation | Year 10 |
The Royal Titulary
From the hieroglyphic records
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 12:H1
Urkunden des Ägyptische Alterthums, IV, 2025
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 12:H2
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 12:N1
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 12:N3
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 12:N2
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 12:G1
Urkunden des Ägyptische Alterthums, IV, 2056
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 12:G2
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 12:G3
Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien (1849), III, 115,118; III, 119b, Text 79
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 12:T1
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 12:T2
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 12:T3
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 12:E3
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 12:E2
Urkunden des Ägyptische Alterthums, IV, 2056
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 144-145, 12:E1
The complete titulary
Sources containing all five names of the royal titulary
Backside of small cedar-wood chair
JE 62029. Tomb of Tutankhamun. Burton photos 152–153 (Carter No. 087).
The sources of antiquity
From the writings of the historians and scholars of antiquity
| Author | Greek | Transliteration | Transcription | Reign |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Africanus xviii, 11 | Ραθως | Rhathos | Rathos | 6 years |
| Eusebius xviii, 10 | Aθωρις | Athoris | Athoris | 39 years |
| Jerome | Achoris | 9 years | ||
| Josephus 96 | Pαθωτις | Rhathotis | Rathotis | 9 years |
Bibliography
Beckerath, J. Handbuch der Ägyptischen Königsnamen, MÄS 49 (1999): 144–145
Baker. D. D. The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC (London, 2008), 479–481
Gauthier, H. Le livre des rois d'Égypte. MIFAO 18 (1912): 365–373
Leprohon, R. J. The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary (Atlanta, 2013), 106
Rainey, A. F. (2015). "The El–Amarna Correspondence". Vol. 1. 92–93, 1336
Miller. J. L. (2007). "Amarna Age Chronology and the Identity of Nibhururiya in the Light of a Newly Reconstructed Hittite Text." Altorientalische Forschungen 34, 252–293
The full titulary was announced at the coronation, when a pharaoh officially became king.
Horus name
The oldest form of a pharaoh's name, often enclosed in a serekh, a sort of "heraldic crest" representing a palace facade.
Nebty name
The "Two Ladies", the heraldic goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet, representing Upper and Lower Egypt respectively.
Golden Horus name
Gold was strongly associated with eternity, but the meaning of this title is disputed.
Throne name
(prenomen) Announced at the coronation, and written in a cartouche.
Personal name
(nomen) The name given at birth, also written in a cartouche.
- Turin king list
223 kings – Dynasty 19 - Abydos Canon
76 kings – Dynasty 19 - Saqqara Canon
58 kings – Dynasty 19 - Karnak Canon
61 kings – Dynasty 18 - Comparing the canons
Abydos, Saqqara and Karnak - Ramesseum Canon
Ramesses II Mortuary Temple - Medinet Habu Canon
Ramesses III Mortuary Temple
Ancient historians
- Herodotus
450 BC – Histories - Manetho
250 BC – Aegyptiaca - Diodorus
50 BC – Bibliotheca Historica - Josephus
100 CE – Against Apion - Africanus
220 CE – Chronographai - Eusebius
325 CE – Chronicon - Jerome
380 CE – Chronicon - Syncellus
800 CE – Egloga Chronographai - Eratosthenes
Probably a forgery (date unknown) - Comparing the sources
Transmission of Manetho
by Africanus et. al.
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