Mentuhotep II
| Also known as: Montuhotep II | Dynasty XI |
Mentuhotep II reigned for 51 years, but after 14 years of peace and prosperity, the Heracleopolitan tenth dynasty desecrated the Abydos necropolis, effectively starting a war with the pharaoh of Thebes. During the next twenty years the conflict raged on, neither side winning outright. Sometime during this time, Mentuhotep changed his names, perhaps to reflect the ambition to reunite the Two Lands. After finally accomplishing the defeat of the Heracleopolitans, the Two Lands were once again united under a pharaoh, and once again, his names were changed to reflect this.
| Reign of Mentuhotep II | |
|---|---|
| AE Chronology | 2009–1959 |
| von Beckerath | 2046–1995 |
| Shaw | 2055–2004 |
| Dodson | 2066–2014 |
| Malek | 2050–1999 |
| Grimal | 2061–2009 |
| Franke | 2008–1957 |
| Redford | 2061–2000 |
| Turin Canon | 51 years |
The Royal Titulary
From the hieroglyphic records
British Museum, stela EA1203
Bibliotheca Aegyptica, X, §23.3
Hieroglyphic Texts in the British Museum, I, plate 53
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 78-79, 5:H1
Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien (1849), II, 150b
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 78-79, 5:H3
British Museum EA753
Bibliotheca Aegyptica, X, §27.1
Hieroglyphic Texts in the British Museum, VI, plate 23 (2)
Prisse d'Avennes, Monuments Égyptiens, plate VII. Louvre Stele C14
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 78-79, 5:H5
Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien (1849), II, 150b
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 78-79, 5:N1
Bibliotheca Aegyptica, X, §27.1
Prisse d'Avennes, Monuments Égyptiens, plate VII. Louvre Stele C14
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 78-79, 5:N3
Naville, The XIth dynasty temple at Deir el-Bahari, II, plate X (F)
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 78-79, 5:G2
Karnak king list 29
Third part of reign
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 78-79, 5:T4
Third part of reign
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 78-79, 5:T5
Naville, The XIth dynasty temple at Deir El-Bahari, II, plate XVIII A
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 78-79, 5:T1
Gardiner, The Royal Canon of Turin (1959), V:16
Third part of reign
British Museum, stela EA1203
Bibliotheca Aegyptica, X, §23.3
Hieroglyphic Texts in the British Museum, I, plate 53
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 78-79, 5:E1 (1)
Lepsius, Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien (1849), II, 149b
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 78-79, 5:E3
Bibliotheca Aegyptica, X, §26, Stele Louvre C 252
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 78-79, 5:E1 (2)
Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999), 78-79, 5:T+E
Bibliography
Beckerath, J. Handbuch der Ägyptischen Königsnamen, MÄS 49 (1999): 78–79
Baker. D. D. The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I – Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300–1069 BC (London, 2008), 223–227
Gauthier, H. Le livre des rois d'Égypte. MIFAO 17 (1907): 228–237
Leprohon, R. J. The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary (Atlanta, 2013), 55
The full titulary was announced at the coronation, when a pharaoh officially became king.
Horus name
The oldest form of a pharaoh's name, often enclosed in a serekh, a sort of "heraldic crest" representing a palace facade.
Nebty name
The "Two Ladies", the heraldic goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet, representing Upper and Lower Egypt respectively.
Golden Horus name
Gold was strongly associated with eternity, but the meaning of this title is disputed.
Throne name
(prenomen) Announced at the coronation, and written in a cartouche.
Personal name
(nomen) The name given at birth, also written in a cartouche.
- Turin king list
223 kings – Dynasty 19 - Abydos Canon
76 kings – Dynasty 19 - Saqqara Canon
58 kings – Dynasty 19 - Karnak Canon
61 kings – Dynasty 18 - Comparing the canons
Abydos, Saqqara and Karnak - Ramesseum Canon
Ramesses II Mortuary Temple - Medinet Habu Canon
Ramesses III Mortuary Temple
Ancient historians
- Herodotus
450 BC – Histories - Manetho
250 BC – Aegyptiaca - Diodorus
50 BC – Bibliotheca Historica - Josephus
100 CE – Against Apion - Africanus
220 CE – Chronographai - Eusebius
325 CE – Chronicon - Jerome
380 CE – Chronicon - Syncellus
800 CE – Egloga Chronographai - Eratosthenes
Probably a forgery (date unknown) - Comparing the sources
Transmission of Manetho
by Africanus et. al.
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