The final pharaoh of the New Kingdom ruled Egypt for at least 29 years. A large number of important papyri written during Ramesses XI's reign have been discovered. He transferred the capital to Tanis, where he died and was buried by Smendes shortly thereafter. Smendes succeeded him but ruled only Lower Egypt, while the Theban High Priests of Amun effectively ruled Upper Egypt.
The High Priests controlled a massive portion of the economy, owning two-thirds of the temple lands and almost all ships, which made them rivals, or even superiors, to Pharaoh himself. In fact, the High Priests of Amun effectively became the rulers of Upper Egypt for the following 140 years.
| Precedessor Successor | |
|---|---|
| Reign of Ramesses XI | |
| AE Chronology | 1106–1077 |
| v. Beckerath | 1103–1070 |
| Shaw | 1099–1069 |
| Dodson | 1094–1064 |
| Arnold | 1100–1070 |
| Malek | 1099–1069 |
| Grimal | 1098–1069 |
| Redford | 1111–1081 |
| Highest attestation | Year 28 |
The Royal Titulary
From the hieroglyphic records
Horus Ka nakht mery Ra The Dual King Men maat Ra, setep en Ptah Son of Ra Ramessu, kha em Waset, mery Amun, netjer heqa Iunu
Horus name
The oldest form of the name of a pharaoh, a falcon representing Horus is perched on the palace facade.
Beckerath, “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, 2nd ed. MÄS 49 (1999). 174-175, 10:H
Nebty name
The “Two Ladies”, the goddesses Nekhbet and Wadjet, representing Upper and Lower Egypt respectively.
Beckerath, “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, 2nd ed. MÄS 49 (1999). 174-175, 10:N
Golden Horus name
Horus perched on Gold, which was associated with eternity, but its meaning is disputed.
Beckerath, “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, 2nd ed. MÄS 49 (1999). 174-175, 10:G
Throne names
Announced at the coronation and always written in a cartouche. The “official” name of the pharaoh. Also known as the Prenomen.
Beckerath, “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, 2nd ed. MÄS 49 (1999). 174-175, 10:T1
Beckerath, “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, 2nd ed. MÄS 49 (1999). 174-175, 10:T2
Beckerath, “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, 2nd ed. MÄS 49 (1999). 174-175, 10:T4
Birth names
Personal name given at birth. Also known as the Nomen.
Bibliography
- Gauthier, H. Le livre des rois d'Égypte. MIFAO 19 (1913): 219–224
- Beckerath, J., 1999. “Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen”, Second edition, MÄS 49: 174–175
- Leprohon, R. J., 2013. The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary. Atlanta: 134–135
- Baker. D. D., 2008. The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I. London: 334–336
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