Eusebius

Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 263–339 CE) was a Roman priest and historian who wrote "Universal History" divided into two books. It is also called the Chronicon or, Chronicle and was written in Greek.

The original books are lost, but quotations are preserved by later historian, which makes it possible to reconstruct his work. Both books survive in a translation to Armenian, and Jerome's latin translation preserve the second book. Syncellus made substantial quotes of Eusebius and thus preserved his work too. The last date preserved is 325 CE.

The first part, the Chronography, gives an epitome of universal history from the sources, arranged by nation.

The second part, the Canons, put the historical material into a parallel timeline, listing the reigns year by year.

Dynasty 1

8 kings of Thinis, 252 (258) years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Μηνης	Menes	Menes	30 years	Narmer
2	Aθωθις	Athothis	Athothis	27 years	Aha
3	Κενκενης	Kenkenes	Cencenes	39 years	Djer
4	Ουενεφης	Ouenephes	Uenephes	42 years	Djet
5	Ουσαφαης	Ousaphais	Usaphais	20 years	Den
6	Nιεβαης	Niebais	Niebais	26 years	Adjib
7	Σεμεμψης	Semempses	Semempses	18 years	Semerkhet
8	Ουβιενθης	Oubienthes	Ubienthes	26 years	Qaa

Dynasty 2

9 kings, 297 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Βωχος	Bokhos	Bochus	—	Hotepsekhemwy
2	Χωος	Khoös	Choos	—	Nebra
3	Βίοφις	Biophis	Biophis	—	Ninetjer
8	Σεσωχρις	Sesokhris	Sesochris	48 years	?
9	Χενερης	Kheneres	Cheneres	30 years	Khasekhemwy

Dynasty 3

8 kings of Memphis, 198 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Νεχερωχις	Nekherokhis	Necherochis	—	Nebka
2	Σεσορθος	Sesorthos	Sesorthos	—	Djoser

Dynasty 4

17 kings of Memphis, 448 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
3	Σoυφις	Souphis	Soyphis	—	Khufu

Dynasty 5

31 kings of Elephantine, 100 (?) years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Οθoης	Othoës	Othoes	—	Teti
4	Φιωψ	Phiops	Phiops	94 years	Pepi II

Dynasty 6

203 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
–	Νιτωκρις	Nitokris	Nitocris	—	Netjerikara

Dynasty 7

5 kings of Memphis, 75 days

Names of the kings not mentioned

Dynasty 8

5 kings of Memphis, 100 years

Names of the kings not mentioned

Dynasty 9

4 kings of Heracleopolis, 100 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Aχθoης	Akhthoës	Achthoes	—	Wahkara Khety II

Dynasty 10

19 kings of Heracleopolis, 185 years

Names of the kings not mentioned

Dynasty 11

16 kings of Diospolis, 43 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
–	Aμμενεμης	Ammenemes	Ammenemes	16 years	Amenemhat I

Dynasty 12

7 kings of Diospolis, 245 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Σεσονχοσις	Sesonchosis	Sesonchosis	46 years	Senusret I
2	Aμμανεμης	Ammanemes	Ammanemes	68 years	Amenemhat II
3	Σεσωστρις	Sesostris	Sesostris	48 years	Senusret III
4	Λαμαρις	Lamaris	Lamaris	8 years	Amenemhat III

Dynasty 13

60 kings of Diospolis, 453 years

Names of the kings not mentioned

Dynasty 14

76 kings of Xois, 184 or 484 years

Names of the kings not mentioned

Dynasty 15

Kings of Diospolis, 250 years

Names of the kings not mentioned

Dynasty 16

5 kings of Thebes, 190 years

Names of the kings not mentioned

Dynasty 17

4 shepherd kings of Memphis, 103 years

This dynasty was misplaced by Eusebius, should be Dynasty 15

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Σαιτης	Saites	Saites	19 years	Salitis
2	Βνων	Bnon	Bnon	40 years	Beon
3	Aφωφις	Aphophis	Aphophis	30 years	Apepi
4	Aρχλης	Arkhles	Archles	14 years	Khamudy

Dynasty 18

14 kings of Diospolis, 348 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Aμωσις	Amosis	Amosis	25 years	Ahmose I
2	Χεβρων	Khebron	Chebron	13 years	Thutmose II
3	Aμμενωφίς	Ammenophis	Ammenophis	21 years	Amenhotep I
4	Μιφρης	Miphres	Miphres	12 years	Thutmose I
5	Μισφραγμουθωσις	Misphragmouthosis	Misphragmuthosis	26 years	Thutmose III
6	Τουθμωσις	Touthmosis	Tuthmosis	9 years	Thutmose IV
7	Aμενωφις	Amenophis	Amenophis	31 years	Amenhotep II
8	Ωρος	Oros	Orus	36 years	Amenhotep III
9	Aχενχερσης	Akhenkherses	Achencherses	12 years	Neferneferuaten
10	Aθωρις	Athoris	Athoris	39 years	Tutankhamun
11	Χενχερης	Khenkheres	Chencheres	16 years	?
12	Aχερρης	Akherres	Acherres	8 years	?
13	Χερρης	Kherres	Cherres	15 years	?
14	Aρμαις	Armais	Armais	5 years	Horemheb
15	Ραμεσσης	Rhamesses	Ramesses	68 years	?
16	Aμενωφις	Amenophis	Amenophis	40 years	?

Dynasty 19

5 kings of Diospolis, 194 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Σεθως	Sethos	Sethus	55 years	Seti I
2	Ραμψης	Rhampses	Rampses	66 years	Ramesses II
3	Aμμενεφθίς	Ammenephthis	Ammenephthis	40 years	Merenptah
4	Aμμενεμης	Ammenemes	Ammenemes	26 years	Amenmesse
5	Θουωρις	Thouoris	Thuris	7 years	Tausret

Dynasty 20

12 kings of Diospolis, 178 years

Names of the kings not mentioned

Dynasty 21

7 kings of Tanis, 130 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Σμενδις	Smendis	Smendis	26 years	Smendes I
2	Ψουσεννης	Psousennes	Psusennes	41 years	Psusennes I
3	Νεφερχερης	Nepherkheres	Nephercheres	4 years	Amenemnesut
4	Aμμενωφθις	Ammenophthis	Ammenophthis	9 years	Amenemope
5	Oσοχωρ	Osokhor	Osochor	6 years	Osochor
6	Ψιναχης	Psinakhes	Psinaches	9 years	Siamun
7	Ψουσεννης	Psousennes	Psusennes	35 years	Psusennes II

Dynasty 22

3 kings of Bubastis, 49 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Σεσονχωσις	Sesonkhosis	Sesonchosis	21 years	Shoshenq I
2	Oσορθων	Osorthon	Osorthon	15 years	Osorkon I
3	Τακελωθις	Takelothis	Tacelothis	13 years	Takelot I

Dynasty 23

3 kings of Tanis, 44 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Πετουβαστις	Petoubastis	Petubastis	25 years	?
2	Oσορθων	Osorthon	Osorthon	9 years	?
3	Ψαμμους	Psammous	Psammus	10 years	?

Dynasty 24

One king of Sais, 44 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Βόχχωρις	Bokhkhoris	Boccoris	44 years	Bakenrenef

Dynasty 25

3 Ethiopian kings, 44 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Σαβακων	Sabakon	Sabacon	12 years	Shabaka
2	Σεβιχως	Sebikhos	Sebichos	12 years	Shebitko
3	Ταρακος	Tarakos	Taracus	20 years	Taharqa

Dynasty 26

9 kings of Sais, 167 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Aμμερις Aιθιοψ	Ammeris the Ethiopian	Ammeris	12 years	?
2	Στεφιναθις	Stephinathis	Stephinathis	7 years	?
3	Νεχεψως	Nekhepsos	Nechepsus	6 years	?
4	Νεχαω	Nekhao	Nechao	8 years	Necho I
5	Ψαμμητιχος	Psammetikhos	Psammetichus	45 years	Psamtik I
6	Νεχαω	Nekhao	Nechao II	3 years	Necho II
7	Ψαμμουθις	Psammouthis	Psammuthis II	17 years	Psamtik II
8	Ουαφρις	Ouaphris	Uaphres	25 years	Apries
9	Aμωσις	Amosis	Amosis	42 years	Amasis

Dynasty 27

8 Persian kings, 120 years and 4 months

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Καμβυσης	Kambyses	Cambyses	3 years	Cambyses II
2	Μαγοι	Magoi (Magians)	Magoe	7 months	?
3	Δαρειος	Dareios	Darius	36 years	Darius I
4	Ξερξης	Xerxes	Xerxes	21 years	Xerxes I
5	Aρταξερξης	Artaxerxes	Artaxerxes	40 years	Artaxerxes I
6	Ξερξης	Xerxes	Xerxes II	2 months	?
7	Σογδιανος	Sogdianos	Sogdianus	7 months	?
8	Δαρειος	Dareios	Darius	19 years	?

Dynasty 28

One king of Sais, 6 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Aμυρταιος	Amyrtaios	Amyrtaeus	6 years	Amyrtaeus

Dynasty 29

4 kings of Mendes, 21 years and 4 months

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Νεφεριτης	Nepherites	Nepherites	6 years	Neferites I
2	Aχωρις	Akhoris	Achoris	13 years	Akoris
3	Ψαμμουθις	Psammouthis	Psammuthis	1 year	Psammuthis
4	Νεφεριτης	Nepherites	Nepherites	4 months	Neferites II
5	Μουθις	Mouthis	Muthis	1 year	Muthis

Dynasty 30

3 kings of Sebennytus, 20 years

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Νεκτανεβης	Nektanebes	Nektanebes	10 years	Nectanebo I
2	Τεως	Teos	Teos	2 years	Djedhor Teos I
3	Νεκτανεβος	Nektanebos	Nektanebus	8 years	Nectanebo II

Dynasty 31

3 Persian kings

No.	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Ωχος	Okhos	Ochus	2 years	Artaxerxes III
2	Aρσης	Arses	Arses	4 years	Arses
3	Δαρειος	Dareios	Darius	6 years	Darius III

Syncellus added:
Here ends the work of Manetho. Subsequent Egyptian chronology is presented from Greek historians.

Bibliography

Adler, William and Tuffin, Paul: The Chronography of George Synkellos, (Oxford: 2002)
Dindorf, Wilhelm: Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, (Bonn: 1829)
Goar, Jacob: Georgii Monachi quondam Syncelli Chronographia, (Paris: 1652)
Fruin, Robert: Manethonis Sebennytae Reliquiae, (Leiden, 1847)
Hopfner, Theodorus: Fontes historiae religionis aegyptiacae, (Bonn, 1922-25)
Lepsius, Karl Richard: Königsbuch der alter Ägypter, 2 Volumes, (Berlin, 1858)
Mosshammer, Alden A.: Georgii Syncelli Ecloga Chronographica, (Leipzig: 1984)
Müller, Karl: Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, II, pp. 512-616 (Paris, 1848)
Scaliger, Joseph Justus: Thesaurus Temporum, (Leiden: 1606)
Unger, G. F.: Chronologic des Manetho, (Berlin, 1867)
Waddell, W. G.: Manetho, (Cambridge, Mass;London: 1940, Ed. 1964)

Ancient historians

Herodotus
450 BC – Histories
Manetho
250 BC – Aegyptiaca
Diodorus
50 BC – Bibliotheca Historica
Josephus
100 CE – Against Apion
Africanus
220 CE – Chronographai
Eusebius
325 CE – Chronicon
Jerome
380 CE – Chronicon
Syncellus
800 CE – Egloga Chronographai
Eratosthenes
Probably a forgery (date unknown)
Comparing the sources
Transmission of Manetho
by Africanus et. al.

Terms & information

Epitome – Manetho’s original Aegyptiaca was lost in antiquity, and in the following centuries, it was replaced by Epitomes (summaries) by rivalling advocates of Jewish, Egyptian, and Greek history that saw each side trying to establish the truth according to their point of view.

Vorlage – German for prototype or template, a prior version of a manuscript, in this case an earlier version of the canon.

Recto and verso – Recto is the front side and verso is the back side of a written or printed text.

Cartouche – oval band enclosing a pharaohs name

Hieratic – cursive form of hieroglyphic script

Dynasty – a sequence of rulers from the same family, from Greek dynasteia (δυναστεια)

OK – Old Kingdom

MK – Middle Kingdom

NK – New Kingdom

SIP – Second Intermediate Period

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