Africanus

Sextus Julius Africanus (c.160 – c.240) was a Christian historian who wrote a history of the world in five books called Chronographiai, from the creation of the world to 221 CE. The text survive only in extracts by Eusebius.

There are also fragments in Syncellus, Cedrenus and the Chronicon Paschale. It contained material from Manetho’s Aegyptiaca, or rather, material from one of the many Epitomes of Aegyptiaca created during the intervening 500 years that passed between the two authors. The dynastic arrangement often attributed to Manetho was likely a construct from the epitome used by Africanus, as the earlier manuscript of Josephus mention no dynastic breaks by Manetho.

As can be expected, the original text of Aegyptiaca was corrupted long before it reached Africanus, as transmission during the intervening centuries undoubtedly required copies of copies to be created. This copying process naturally introduced errors, omissions and misunderstanding of the source text. There were also outright alterations by religious redactors. The epitome used by Africanus was in all likelyhood a somewhat contemporary copy, i.e. removed from Manetho by some 4-500 years.

As Africanus Chronographiai predates Eusebius’ by a century it is generally considered more reliable by Egyptologists. Syncellus recognized the similarity between Africanus and Eusebius and presented both versions in his Ecloga Chronographica.

Due to the fact that the original has not survived is a big problem, as the information that can be gleaned, is from copies of copies, which in themselves cannot be entirely relied upon.

Dynasty 1

8 kings of Thinis, 253 years

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Μηνης	Menes	Minis	62 years	Narmer
2	Aθωθις	Athothis	Athothis	57 years	Aha
3	Κενκενης	Kenkenes	Kenkenis	31 years	Djer
4	Ουενεφης	Ouenephes	Uenephis	23 years	Djet
5	Ουσαφαιδoς	Ousaphaidos	Usaphaidus	20 years	Den
6	Μιεβιδoς	Miebidos	Miebidos	26 years	Adjib
7	Σεμεμψης	Semempses	Semempsis	18 years	Semerkhet
8	Βιηνεχης	Bienekhes	Vienekis	26 years	Qaa

The number of kings from the archaeological records of the First Dynasty align with Manetho and also with the Turin king list. However, the individual reigns add up to 263 years, while Africanus' total only give 253 years. This discrepancy (10 years missing) indicate corrupted information in the Epitome used by Africanus, but it could be a simple calculating error.

Dynasty 2

Kings of Thinis

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Βoηθoς	Boethos	Boithos	38 years	Hotepsekhemwy
2	Καιεχως	Kaiekhos	Kaiechos	39 years	Nebra
3	Βίνωθρις	Binothris	Binothris	47 years	Ninetjer
4	Τλας	Tlas	Tlas	17 years	Wadjenes
5	Σεθενης	Sethenes	Sethenes	41 years	Senedj
6	Χαιρης	Khaires	Chaires	17 years	?
7	Nεφερχερης	Nepherkheres	Nephercheris	26 years	Neferkasokar
8	Σεσωχρις	Sesokhris	Sesochris	48 years	Hudjefa I
9	Χενερης	Kheneres	Cheneres	30 years	Khasekhemwy

The nine kings is the same number of kings present in the Turin king list, but the Abydos king list only have six, while the Saqqara list gives eight. The history of the Second Dynasty is one of the most obscure periods of Ancient Egypt. The scarse evidence and information about this period is reflected in the differing king lists. The individual reigns add up to 300 years, while Africanus’ total is 302.
According to Africanus, the total sum for the First and Second dynasties amount to 555 years (253+302=555), however, the correct sum is 563 (263+300).

Dynasty 3

Kings of Thinis

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Nεχερoφης	Nekherophes	Necherophes	28 years	Nebka
2	Toσoρθρoς	Tosorthros	Tosorthros	29 years	Djoser
3	Tυρεις	Tyreis	Tyris	7 years	Sekhemkhet
4	Mεσωχρις	Mesokhris	Mesochris	17 years	Mesochris
5	Σωυφις	Souphis	Soephis	16 years	?
6	Toσερτασις	Tosertasis	Tosertasis	19 years	?
7	Aχης	Akhes	Aches	42 years	?
8	Σηφoνρις	Sephouris	Sephuris	30 years	?
9	Kερφερης	Kerpheres	Cerpheres	26 years	?

The nine kings of Manetho’s Third Dynasty does not agree with the archaeological record, nor with the main New Kingdom king lists, which only support 4-5 kings reigning for less than 100 years, not the vastly inflated total of 214 years of Africanus.
According to Africanus, the total sum for the First through Third dynasties amount to 769 years (253+302+214), however the correct sum is 777 (263+300+214).

Dynasty 4

Kings of Thinis

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Σωρις	Soris	Soris	29 years	Sneferu
2	Σoυφις	Souphis	Suphis	63 years	Khufu
3	Σoυφις	Souphis	Suphis	66 years	Khafra
4	Mενχερης	Menkheres	Mencheres	63 years	Menkaura
5	Ρατoισης	Rhatoises	Ratoises	25 years	Radjedef
6	Bιχερης	Bikheres	Bicheres	22 years	Baufra
7	Σεβερχερης	Seberkheres	Sebercheres	7 years	Shepseskaf
8	Θαμφθις	Thamphthis	Thamphthis	9 years	Thamphthis

The eight kings is the same number of kings present in the Turin king list, but the Abydos king list only have six, while the Saqqara list gives nine. The sum for the individual reigns amount to 284 years, not the total 277 according to Africanus, again suggesting a corrupted epitome.
According to Africanus, the total sum for the kings of the First through Fourth dynasties amount to 1046 years (253+302+214+277), however the correct sum is 1061 (263+300+214+284).

Dynasty 5

9 kings of Elephantine, 248 years

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Ουσερχερης	Ouserkheres	Usercheres	28 years	Userkaf
2	Σεφρης	Sephres	Sephres	13 years	Sahura
3	Νεφερχερης	Nepherkheres	Nephercheres	20 years	Neferirkara I Kakai
4	Σισιρης	Sisires	Sisires	7 years	Shepseskara Netjeruser
5	Χερης	Kheres	Cheres	20 years	Neferefra Isi
6	Ραθουρης	Rathoures	Rathures	44 years	Niuserra Ini
7	Μενχερης	Menkheres	Mencheres	9 years	Menkauhor Kaiu
8	Τανχερης	Tankheres	Tancheres	44 years	Djedkara Isesi
9	Οννος	Onnos	Onnus	33 years	Unas

The summation have 8 kings ruling for 248 years, however, this is contradicted by listing 9 kings – the same number of kings present in Turin king list. The Abydos- and Saqqara- king lists have 8 kings each, albeit with differing names. The reign total sum amount to 218 years, not 248 as stated. According to Africanus, the total sum for the kings of the First through Fifth dynasties amount to 1294 years (1046+248), however the correct sum is 1279 (1061+218).
These differences is a clear indication that even the New Kingdom sources were corrupted.

Dynasty 6

6 kings of Memphis, 203 years

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Οθοης	Othoës	Othoes	—	Teti
2	Φιος	Phios	Phius	53 years	Pepi I
3	Μεθουσουφις	Methousouphis	Methusuphis	7 years	Nemtiemsaf I
4	Φιωψ	Phiops	Phiops	94 years	Pepi II
5	Μενφεσουφις	Menthesouphis	Menthesuphis	1 years	Nemtiemsaf II
6	Νιτωκρις	Nitokris ♀	Nitocris	12 years	Netjerikara

The sum of the individual reigns is 197, however, Phiops “ whose reign began at the age of 6, ruled continuously up to his hundredth year”, was calculated as 100 instead of 94. The Turin king list detail 13 sequential kings of the Sixth Dynasty without any indication of a dynastic break between the Sixth and Eleventh dynasties. At the same place, the Abydos list contain the names of 23 kings, while the Saqqara list only have 4. This further reinforce that the New Kingdom records were corrupted, or at the very least, incomplete.
According to Africanus, the total sum for the kings of the First through Sixth dynasties amount to 1497 years (1294+203), however the correct sum is 1482 (1279+203). For comparison, the summation for the same six dynasties in the Turin king list only give a total of 955 years, and only 13 kings from Teti to the Ninth Dynasty kings.

Dynasty 7

70 kings of Memphis ruled for 70 days

Names of the kings not recorded

The huge number of kings and dynasties for the First Intermediate Period suggest that a redactor of an Epitome misunderstood and distorted the summation(s) for the rival kings of Memphis and Herakleopolis that followed the Sixth Dynasty. The scarce archaeological record seems to only support one Memphite dynasty, and one Herakleopolite dynasty. The '70 kings ruled for 70 days' is of course an impossibility, and is most likely a corruption of a summation or narrative.

Dynasty 8

27 kings of Memphis, 146 years

Names of the kings not recorded

The preserved summation “together with the aforementioned years (1294), there are 1639 years for these eight dynasties” is incorrectly calculated. The erroneous sum of Africanus for those eight dynasties comes to 1643 (1497+146), curiously 4 years more than the preserved number, and seems to ignore the Seventh Dynasty completely. Furthermore, the correct sum for the first eight dynasties come to 1628 (1482+146), more evidence of a distorted records. Like the other summations for the FIP, the 27 kings recorded in the heading for this dynasty is probably corrupted too, but it is impossible to establish how.

Dynasty 9

19 kings of Heracleopolis, 409 years

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Aχθoης	Akhthoës	Achthoes	—	Wahkara Khety II

The entry for the Herakleopolitan dynasty, with all names but one lost. There was probably some sort of commentary to the fact that the records were corrupted or lost, which was misunderstood by the redactor of the epitome.

Dynasty 10

19 kings of Heracleopolis, 185 years

Names of the kings not recorded

It stands to reason that the redactor of the epitome misinterpreted a summation of the Herakleopolitan Ninth Dynasty for a new dynasty, substantiated by the same number of kings (19) for both dynasties, with no names mentioned.

Dynasty 11

16 kings of Diospolis, 43 years

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Aμμενεμης	Ammenemes	Ammenemes	—	Amenemhat I

Sixteen kings ruling only 43 years is clearly another error by the redactor of the epitome. Yet another indication is that king Ammenemes was not included in the Tenth or Eleventh dynasties, but rather as an intermediary between the two. A summation of Manetho’s first book is presented here, indicating that a total of 192 kings had ruled the kingdom for 2300 years. These numbers are both incorrect. If we add the number of kings recorded in each dynasty heading, including the 70 kings of the Seventh Dynasty, the total is 200. If we count the individual kings recorded, the total is 201. The total sum of years for the individual kings is 2259, while the total from the dynasty headings is 2280.

According to modern Egyptology, some 90 kings reigned from the First through Eleventh dynasties (approximately 1100 years). The figures by Africanus for dynasties 7-10 are in all likelihood based on a misunderstanding of the text. It is clear that the Seventh Dynasty is a mistake. The kings of Memphis continued rule past the Sixth Dynasty - this could be the 27 kings of Africanus’ Eighth Dynasty. According to Africanus, the next two dynasties were Herakleopolitan, both with 19 kings. It seems probable that the redactor mistook the summation of the Eighth Dynasty and erroneously created a duplicate of the dynasty. The corresponding dynasty in the Turin king list holds 18 kings (5.18-6.9).
Disregarding the duplicated dynasties, Africanus recorded 49 kings from the First through Sixth dynasties, 27 kings of the Memphite Eighth Dynasty, and 19 kings of the Herakleopolitan Ninth Dynasty, and finally, 16 kings of the Eleventh Dynasty, for a total of 111 kings. The 16 kings of the Eleventh Dynasty is an aberration, as contemporary sources show that only seven kings reigned in this dynasty. Removing the 9 extraneous kings, bring the total down to 102 kings.

Dynasty 12

7 kings of Diospolis, 160 years

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Σεσονχοσις	Sesonkhosis	Sesonchosis	46 years	Senusret I
2	Aμμανεμης	Ammanemes	Ammanemes	38 years	Amenemhat II
3	Σεσωστρις	Sesostris	Sesostris	48 years	Senusret III
4	Λαχαρης	Lakhares	Lachares	8 years	Amenemhat III
5	Aμμερης	Ammeres	Ammeres	8 years	?
6	Aμμενεμης	Ammenemes	Ammenemes	8 years	?
7	Σκεμιoφρις	Skemiophris ♀	Scemiophris	4 years	Neferusobek

Dynasty 13

60 kings of Thebes (Diospolis), 453 years

Names of the kings not recorded

The 453 years figure for this dynasty is clearly excessive, probably a simple copying error, and should probably be emended down to 153. The figures given for the Second Intermediate Period as a shole were likely due to a redactor not understanding the text. We have the figures:

Dynasty 13 60 kings 453 years
Dynasty 14 76 kings 184 years
Dynasty 15 6 kings 284 years
Dynasty 16 32 kings 518 years
Dynasty 17 86 kings 151 years

The sheer number of kings and length of the reigns shows that the texts of Manetho were not properly understood by the redactor. It could well be that there was a longer summation of all the kings up to this point, but the context was lost in translation, which would help explain the large number of kings attributed to this period. Perhaps the records available to Manetho was full of lacunae, just like the tattered Turin king list, and further distorted by an incorrect translation.

Dynasty 14

76 kings of Xois, 184 years

Names of the kings not recorded

The figures for this dynasty by Eusebius are identical, though the Armenian version of Eusebius give 484 years for this dynasty, indicating some sort of corruption or perhaps just a simple copying error. The lower figure seems more plausible.

Dynasty 15

6 foreign kings from Phoenicia, 284 years

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Σαιτης	Saites	Saites	19 years	Salitis
2	Βνων	Bnon	Bnon	44 years	Beon
3	Παχναν	Pakhnan	Pachnan	61 years	Apachnas
4	Στααν	Staan	Staan	50 years	Khyan
5	Aρχλης	Arkhles	Archles	61 years	Khamudy
6	Aφοβις	Aphobis	Aphobis	49 years	Apepi

The 36 years, 7 months reign-length of Apachnas given by Josephus is more plausible than the 61 years given by Africanus. According to Eusebius, this dynasty consisted of an unknown number of Theban kings, and the foreign kings recorded by Africanus instead appeared as his 17th dynasty.

Dynasty 16

32 Grecian shepherd kings, 518 years

Names of the kings not recorded

The large figure of years points a misunderstanding of a summation by the redactor of the epitome, creating an extraneous dynasty in the process.

Dynasty 17

43 shepherd kings and 43 Theban kings, 151 years

Names of the kings not recorded

The redactor of the epitome misunderstood the text by creating two dynasties yet combining them into one, transferring of an identical number of kings to both. Comparing the description of this dynasty by Africanus “43 additional shepherd kings, and kings of Theban Diospolis, 43 in number, total for the reigns of the shepherds and Theban kings, 151 years” to Eusebius “they were shepherds and brothers, foreign kings from Phoenicia, who also seized Memphis”, it is clear that they had contradicting versions of Aegyptiaca, or the text was translated differently by their redactors.

Dynasty 18

16 kings of Thebes (Diospolis), 263 years

The end of the dynasty contain names that cannot possibly be connected with certainty to a specific king, or to the next dynasty,
most likely due to the confusion during the Amarna period.

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Aμως	Amos	Amos	—	Ahmose I
2	Χεβρως	Khebros	Chebros	13 years	Thutmose II
3	Αμενωφθις	Amenophthis	Amenophthis	24 years	Amenhotep I
4	Αμενσις	Amensis	Amensis	22 years	Hatshepsut
5	Μισαφρις	Misaphris	Misaphris	13 years	Thutmose I
6	Μισφραγμουθωσις	Misphragmouthosis	Misphragmuthosis	26 years	Thutmose III
7	Τουθμωσις	Touthmosis	Tuthmosis	9 years	Thutmose IV
8	Αμενωφις	Amenophis	Amenophis	31 years	Amenhotep II
9	Ωρος	Oros	Orus	37 years	Amenhotep III
10	Αχερρης	Akherres	Acherres	32 years	?
11	Ραθως	Rhathos	Rathos	6 years	Tutankhamun
12	Χεβρης	Khebres	Chebres	12 years	?
13	Aχερρης	Akherres	Acherres	12 years	Neferneferuaten
14	Aρμεσης	Armesis	Armeses	5 years	Horemheb
15	Ραμεσσης	Rhamesses	Ramesses	1 year	?
16	Αμενωφαθ	Amenophath	Amenophath	19 years	?

The redactor of the Epitome did not understand that this dynasty had four kings named Amenhotep, and also four kings named Thutmose. The similarity of the names made it very difficult to separete the names from each other, especially if coregencies were also mentioned. The individual reigns add up to 262 years, not 263 as per Africanus, and curiously there is no reign mentioned for the first king. Also included is a subtotal: Total 69 years from Amos to Misphragmouthosis, however, the sum of these four reigns is 72. Goar emended Amenophthis’ 24 years to 21 to account for the discrepancy, probably based on the 21 years assigned to this king by Eusebius. This subtotal suggest the presence of a summation, or perhaps a longer narrative. Further indication that the epitomists misinterpreted the text is that at the end of the list we find what can only be Ramesses II and Merenptah of the next dynasty.

Egyptologists long have tried to reconcile the names of the four kings in 10-13 with the obscure Amarna kings, but there are too many discrepancies and inconsistencies to be conclusive. Josephus did not indicate a dynastic break in his list of the kings, but many of the names he supplied are spelled differently from Africanus and Eusebius. The order of kings is identical, however only Josephus indicate that Amesses and Akenkheres were actually Queens. All this, once again, suggest multiple and differing versions of Aegyptiaca.

Dynasty 19

6 kings of Thebes (Diospolis), 209 years

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Σεθως	Sethos	Sethus	51 years	Seti I
2	Ραψακης	Rhapsakes	Rapsaces	61 years	Ramesses II
3	Aμενεφθης	Amenephthes	Amenephthes	20 years	Merenptah
4	Ραμεσσης	Rhamesses	Ramesses	60 years	?
5	Aμμενεμνης	Ammenemnes	Ammenemnes	5 years	Amenmesse
6	Θουωρις	Thouoris	Thuris	7 years	Tausret

Dynasty 20

12 kings of Thebes (Diospolis), 135 years

Names of the kings not recorded

Dynasty 21

7 kings of Tanis, 130 years

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Σμενδης	Smendes	Smendes	26 years	Smendes I
2	Ψουσεννης	Psousennes	Psusennes	46 years	Psusennes I
3	Νεφελχερης	Nephelkheres	Nephelcheres	4 years	Amenemnesut
4	Aμενωφθίς	Amenophthis	Amenophthis	9 years	Amenemope
5	Oσοχωρ	Osokhor	Osochor	6 years	Osochor
6	Ψιναχης	Psinakhes	Psinaches	9 years	Siamun
7	Ψουσεννης	Psousennes	Psusennes	30 years	Psusennes II

Dynasty 22

9 kings of Bubastis, 120 years

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Σεσονχωσις	Sesonkhosis	Sesonchosis	21 years	Shoshenq I
2	Oσορθων	Osorthon	Osorthon	15 years	Osorkon I
6	Τακελωθις	Takelothis	Tacelothis	13 years	Takelot I

Dynasty 23

4 kings of Tanis, 89 years

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Πετουβατης	Petoubates	Petubates	40 years	Pedubast I
2	Oσορχω	Osorkho	Osorcho	8 years	Osorkon III
3	Ψαμμους	Psammous	Psammus	10 years	?
4	Ζητ	Zet	Zet	31 years	?

Dynasty 24

1 king of Sais

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Βοχχωρις	Bokhkhoris	Boccoris	6 years	Bakenrenef

Dynasty 25

3 Ethiopian kings, 40 years

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Σαβακων	Sabakon	Sabacon	8 years	Shabaka
2	Σεβιχως	Sebikhos	Sebichus	14 years	Shebitko
3	Ταρκος	Tarkos	Tarcus	18 years	Taharqa

Dynasty 26

9 kings of Sais, 150 years and 6 months

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Στεφινατης	Stephinates	Stephinates	7 years	?
2	Νεχεψως	Nechepsos	Nechepsus	6 years	?
3	Νεχαω	Nekhao	Nechao	8 years	?
4	Ψαμμητιχος	Psammetikhos	Psammetichus	54 years	Psamtik I
5	Νεχαω	Nechao	Nechao II	6 years	Necho II
6	Ψαμμουθις	Psammouthis	Psammuthis	6 years	Psamtik II
7	Ουαφρις	Ouaphris	Uaphris	19 years	Apries
8	Aμωσις	Amosis	Amosis	44 years	Amasis
9	Ψαμμεχεριτης	Psammecherites	Psammecherites	—	Psamtik III

Dynasty 27

8 Persian kings, 124 years and 4 months

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Καμβυσης	Kambyses	Cambyses	6 years	Cambyses II
2	Δαρειος	Dareios	Darius	36 years	Darius I
3	Ξερξης	Xerxes	Xerxes	21 years	Xerxes I
4	Aρταβανος	Artabanos	Artabanus	7 months	?
5	Aρταξερξης	Artaxerxes	Artaxerxes	41 years	Artaxerxes I
6	Ξερξης	Xerxes	Xerxes	2 months	?
7	Σογδιανος	Sogdianos	Sogdianus	7 months	?
8	Δαρειος	Dareios	Darius	19 years	?

Dynasty 28

1 king of Sais

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Aμυρτεος	Amurteos	Amyrteus	6 years	Amyrtaeus

Dynasty 29

4 kings of Mendes, 20 years and 4 months

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Νεφεριτης	Nepherites	Nepherites	6 years	Neferites I
2	Aχωρις	Akhoris	Achoris	13 years	Akoris
3	Ψαμμουθις	Psammouthis	Psammuthis	1 year	Psammuthis
4	Νεφεριτης	Nepherites	Nepherites	—	Neferites II

Dynasty 30

3 kings of Sebennytos, 38 years

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Νεκτανέβης	Nektanebes	Nectanebes	18 years	Nectanebo I
2	Τεως	Teos	Teos	2 years	Djedhor Teos I
3	Νεκτανεβος	Nektanebos	Nectanebus	18 years	Nectanebo II

Dynasty 31

3 Persian kings

#	Ancient Greek	Transliteration	Transcription	Reign	Pharaoh
1	Ωχος	Okhos	Ochus	2 years	Artaxerxes III
2	Aρσης	Arses	Arses	3 years	Arses
3	Δαρειος	Dareios	Darius	4 years	Darius III

Syncellus added:
Here ends the work of Manetho. Subsequent Egyptian chronology is based on Greek historians.
15 Macedonian kings.

Bibliography

Adler, William and Tuffin, Paul: The Chronography of George Synkellos, (Oxford: 2002)
Dindorf, Wilhelm: Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae, (Bonn: 1829)
Fruin, Robert: Manethonis Sebennytae Reliquiae, (Leiden, 1847)
Goar, Jacob: Georgii Monachi quondam Syncelli Chronographia, (Paris: 1652)
Hopfner, Theodorus: Fontes historiae religionis aegyptiacae, (Bonn, 1922-25)
Lepsius, Karl Richard: Königsbuch der alter Ägypter, 2 Volumes, (Berlin, 1858)
Mosshammer, Alden A.: Georgii Syncelli Ecloga Chronographica, (Leipzig: 1984)
Müller, Karl: Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, II, pp. 512-616 (Paris, 1848)
Scaliger, Joseph Justus: Thesaurus Temporum, (Leiden: 1606)
Unger, G. F.: Chronologic des Manetho, (Berlin, 1867)
Waddell, W. G.: Manetho, (Cambridge, Mass;London: 1940, Ed. 1964)

Ancient historians

Herodotus
450 BC – Histories
Manetho
250 BC – Aegyptiaca
Diodorus
50 BC – Bibliotheca Historica
Josephus
100 CE – Against Apion
Africanus
220 CE – Chronographai
Eusebius
325 CE – Chronicon
Jerome
380 CE – Chronicon
Syncellus
800 CE – Egloga Chronographai
Eratosthenes
Probably a forgery (date unknown)
Comparing the sources
Transmission of Manetho
by Africanus et. al.

Terms & information

Epitome – Manetho’s original Aegyptiaca was lost in antiquity, and in the following centuries, it was replaced by Epitomes (summaries) by rivalling advocates of Jewish, Egyptian, and Greek history that saw each side trying to establish the truth according to their point of view.

Vorlage – German for prototype or template, a prior version of a manuscript, in this case an earlier version of the canon.

Recto and verso – Recto is the front side and verso is the back side of a written or printed text.

Cartouche – oval band enclosing a pharaohs name

Hieratic – cursive form of hieroglyphic script

Dynasty – a sequence of rulers from the same family, from Greek dynasteia (δυναστεια)

OK – Old Kingdom

MK – Middle Kingdom

NK – New Kingdom

SIP – Second Intermediate Period

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